somatic genome manipulation199-216

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1、Chapter9BrassicaOgu-INRACytoplasmicMaleSterility:AnExampleofSuccessfulPlantSomaticFusionforHybridSeedProductionGeorgesPelletierandFrancoiseBudar9.1IntroductionTheconceptofhybridvigorhasgraduallyemergedsincetheeighteenthcenturywhenJ.G.Koelreuterobservedindividualplantsresultingfrominterspecificcro

2、ss-esinvariousgenera,suchasNicotiana,Dianthus,Verbascum,Mirabilis,andDa-tura(Zirckle1952).TheseobservationswereconfirmedacenturylaterbyDarwin(1876)invegetables,andbyBeal(1880)inmaize.In1914,Schullcoinedtheterm³heterosis´todefinethisphysiologicalstateofvigorofplantsproducedfromcross-esbetweenparen

3、tallinesthatoriginatefromsufficientlydifferentgeneticpools(Schull1952).RelativelyhighheterosishasbeenreportedasageneralfeatureofFhybridsinBrassicaspecies:upto80%higherseedproductioncomparedtothe1mid-parentvalueinwinteroilseedrape(௘Brassicanapus;Lefort-BusonandDattée1982),90%inIndianmustard(௘Brass

4、icajuncea;Pradhanetal.1993),and60%insummerturniprape(௘Brassicarapa;Falketal.1994).However,itisonlyrelativelyrecentlythatbreedershavebeenabletotakead-vantageofheterosisforplantbreeding.Inthecaseofplantsthatreproducebyseed,obtaininglargeamountsofFhybridseedrequirescontrollingcross-fertilizationon1a

5、verylargescale.ThebestwaytodosoistogrowlargefemalestocksthatwillbepollinatedbyamaleparentandharvestFseedfromthesestocks.Femalestocks1canbeobtainedmechanicallyinmonoeciousspeciesandsometimesbychemicalmeansinhermaphroditespecies.However,themostefficientsysteminvolvesma-ternallydeterminedmalesterili

6、ty.JonesandClarkedescribedthefirstmale-sterilitysystemusedfortheproductionofhybridvarietiesinonion(௘Alliumcepa;JonesandClarke1943).Inthefollowingdecades,similarsystemsweredevelopedinawiderangeofspeciessuchassorghum(௘Sorghumbicolor),sugarbeet(௘Betavul-garis),corn(௘Zeamays),sunflower(௘Helianthusann

7、uus),rice(௘Oryzasativa),carrot(௘Daucuscarota),etc.G.Pelletier(*)āF.BudarInstitutJean-PierreBourgin,INRA-AgroParisTechUMR1318,Versailles,Francee-mail:Georges.Pelletier@versailles.inra.fr©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LL