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1、TheRoleofTradeandEmpireinEuropeanEconomicdevelopmenttoca1870GerardMKoot,2013HistoryDepartment,UniversityofMassachusettsDartmouthInrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestamonghistoriansintheroleoftradeandempireintheoriginoftheindustrialrevolutionandtherelativeeconomicsucces
2、sofWesternEuropeangrowthfromtheearlymodernperiodtothelatetwentiethcentury.TheriseoftheEastAsianeconomiesinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,andespeciallythedramaticeconomicgrowthofChinabeginninginthe1970s,hasproducedafloodofscholarshipincomparativeworldeconomichistory.Earlier
3、explanationsofWesterneconomicdominancewererootedinexplanations,whichborethestampsofWesternexceptionalism.TheyarguedthattherewassomethingspecialaboutWesternEuropeans,suchastheircultureandtherepresentativenatureoftheirpoliticalinstitutions,especiallysincethetwomostsuccessfulecon
4、omiesinearlymodernEuropewereBritainandtheDutchRepublic,bothofwhichrejectedpoliticalabsolutismintheseventeenthcentury,whichwasprevalentinEuropebeforethesweepingawayofmuchofWesternEurope’soldregimebytheFrenchRevolutionandNapoleon.TheolderexplanationsemphasizedEurope’sscientificr
5、evolution,theEnlightenment,andthenatureofitsreligion.InBritain,AdamSmithandhisfollowerscreatedaneconomicmodel,classicaleconomics,whicharguedthatBritisheconomicgrowthwasprimarilyaconsequenceofthepursuitofeconomicefficiencythroughindividualinitiative,thedivisionoflaborandfreetra
6、de.Others,suchasthehistoricaleconomistsinGermanyandelsewhere,arguedththatduringthe19centuryBritain’seconomicsuccesswasgreatlyhelpedbyitsvigorouspursuitofmercantilistandimperialistpoliciesbywhichthestateusedprotectionistmeasuresandmilitarypowertosupportitsmerchantsandindustrial
7、ists.Alreadyinthemid-19thcentury.KarlMarx,andothersocialistshadbeguntoarguethatthechiefsourceoftheWest’seconomicsuccesswastobefoundincapitalism’sinherentexploitation,which,accordingtoitsLeninistversion,ledtotheinevitableexploitationofthepeoplesandresourcesofthelessdevelopedwor
8、ld.AccordingtoMarxisthistorians,itwasImperialism,accompaniedb
