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1、BOOKREVIEWTHELUREOFLARGENUMBERSACONSTITUTIONOFMANYMINDS.ByCassR.Sunstein.Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniv.Press.2009.Pp.ix,225.$27.95.LAWANDTHELIMITSOFREASON.ByAdrianVermeule.NewYork:OxfordUniv.Press.2009.Pp.1,211.$55.00.ReviewedbyJohnFerejohn∗INTRODUCTIONProfessorsCassSunsteinandAdrianVermeulehavewritt
2、enpro-vocativebooks1thataskimportantquestionsabouthowtheU.S.con-stitutionalsystemshouldregulateitselfand,specifically,howmuchdeferencecourtsshouldshowtootherbranchesor“ThePeopleThem-selves”2wheninterpretingtheConstitution.Thisissueofdeferencehasbeenwarmlydebatedwiththerecentreinvigorationofvariousth
3、eoriesofpopularconstitutionalismthatgenerallycriticizejudgesforclaimingadisproportionateshareofinterpretiveauthority.3Theinno-vationofthepresentauthorsistointroduceandapplyresearchfromcollectivechoicetheoryandbehavioraleconomicstoinquireintotherelativecapacitiesofcourtsandotherinstitutionstodecidean
4、dman-agefundamentalconstitutionalissues.Thethrustofbothbooksissimple:theauthorsgenerallyagreethatjudgesdoinpracticefrequent-lydeferto“manyminds”—tocongressionalmajoritiespastorpresent,toexecutivebranchpolicies,tojudicialprecedents,ortothepublicopinion—onimportantconstitutionalissues.Andeachauthorgiv
5、esreasonstobelievethat,insomecircumstances,suchdeferenceisjustifiedpartlybecausetheotherbranchesarelikelytomakebetter-informeddecisionsthanoneorafewsittingjudgescould.Theauthorsdiffergreatly,however,onhowandwhendeferenceisowedtootherbranchesortothepeople.Accordingtowhattheauthorscall“many-minds”argu
6、ments,thepopularbranchesmaysometimesenjoyaninformationaladvantage–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––∗CharlesSeligsonProfessorofLaw,NewYorkUniversitySchoolofLaw.1CASSR.SUNSTEIN,ACONSTITUTIONOFMANYMINDS(2009);ADRIANVERMEULE,LAWANDTHELIMITSOFREASON(2009).2LARRYD.KRAMER,THEPEOP
7、LETHEMSELVES(2004).3See,e.g.,BARRYFRIEDMAN,THEWILLOFTHEPEOPLE(2009);KRAMER,supranote2.19691970HARVARDLAWREVIEW[Vol.123:1969overthecourts,insofarastheytakeaccountofthejudgmentsofawiderangeofpeopleinmak
