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1、Gemeinschaftsgüter:Recht,PolitikundÖkonomiePreprintsausderMax-Planck-ProjektgruppeRechtderGemeinschaftsgüterBonn2003/2TheProblemsofCollectiveAction:ANewApproachvonKatharinaHolzinger*TheProblemsofCollectiveAction:ANewApproach.KatharinaHolzingerBonn,Januar2003A
2、bstractTheproblemofcollectiveactionisusuallyidentifiedwithsocialdilemmas.Awidernotionofthetermcollectiveactionproblemisintroduced,asdilemmasarenottheonlyproblemstoariseincollectiveaction.Thearticlefirstpresentsatypologyofcollectiveactionproblemsbasedonmatrixg
3、ameanalysis.Fivetypesaredistinguished:distribution,defection,co-ordination,dis-agreement,andinstabilityproblems.Second,thearticlediscussesanumberofproposalshowtoresolvethesetypesofcollectiveactionproblems,suchasaltruism,norms,focalpoints,corre-latedstrategies
4、,collectivedecision-making,externalpower,andsanctioning.Whereasthe"po-litical"solutionscanbeusedtoresolvealltypesofproblems,the"motivational"solutionscanonlyfacilitatetheresolutionofsomeoftheproblems,andthe"rationalexpectation"solutionscansolvesometypesandhel
5、ptosolveothers.*IgratefullyacknowledgethecommentsonearlierversionsofthispapergivenbyMartinBeckenkamp,MaxPlanckProjectGrouponCommonGoods,Bonn,JoachimBehnke,UniversityofBamberg,ChristophEngelandAdrienneHéritier,MaxPlanckProjectGrouponCommonGoods,AlkuinKölliker,
6、MaxPlanckProjectGrouponCommonGoods,ElinorOstrom,IndianaUniversity,JohannesSchmidt,UniversityofBamberg,ReinhardZintl,UniversityofBamberg,andMichaelZürn,UniversityofBremen.1.IntroductionItwasMancurOlson’sTheLogicofCollectiveActionwhichmadethenotionofacollective
7、ac-tionproblemwidelyknowninpoliticalandsocialscience.Olsondealtwiththeprovisionofpub-licgoodsbygroups.Hefocussedonthenon-excludabilitypropertyofpublicgoods,andthus,withthetermcollectiveactionproblemhemainlyreferredtothefreeriderproblemintheor-ganizationofinte
8、rests(Olson1965:chapterI.B).Thereafter,collectiveactionproblemshavemostlybeenidentifiedwithsocialdilemmas,thatis,situationswhererationalindividualactorsaretrappedtoproducecollectivelysub-
