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1、LinearAlgebraThoroughlyExplainedMilanVujiciˇc´LinearAlgebraThoroughlyExplainedAuthorEditorMilanVujiˇci´cJeffreySanderson(1931–2005)EmeritusProfessor,SchoolofMathematics&Statistics,UniversityofStAndrews,StAndrews,ScotlandISBN:978-3-540-74637-9e-ISBN:978-3-54
2、0-74639-3LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007936399c2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitati
3、on,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSp
4、ringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulati
5、onsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.CoverDesign:eStudioCalamarS.L.Printedonacid-freepaper987654321springer.comForewordThereareazillionbooksonlinearalgebra,yetthisonefindsitsownuniqueplaceamongthem.Itstartsasanintroductionatundergraduatelevel,coverstheessen-tial
6、resultsatpostgraduatelevelandreachesthefullpowerofthelinearalgebraicmethodsneededbyresearchers,especiallythoseinvariousfieldsofcontemporarytheoreticalphysics,appliedmathematicsandengineering.Atfirstsight,thetitleofthebookmayseemsomewhatpretentiousbutitfaithfu
7、llyreflectsitsobjectiveand,indeed,itsachievements.MilanVujiˇci´cstartedhisscientificcarrierintheoreticalnuclearphysicsinwhichhereliedheavilyinhisresearchproblemsonlinearalgebraicandgrouptheoreticmethods.Subsequently,hemovedtothefieldofgrouptheoryitselfanditsap
8、pli-cationsinvarioustopicsinphysics.Inparticular,heachieved,togetherwithFedorHerbut,importantresultsinthefoundationsofanddistantcorrelationsinquantummechanics,wherehisunderstandingandskillinlinearalgeb