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1、CriticalReviewsinBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,43:393–418,2008CopyrightcInformaUKLtd.ISSN:1040-9238print/1549-7798onlineDOI:10.1080/10409230802528488TheMajorArchitectsofChromatin:ArchitecturalProteinsinBacteria,ArchaeaandEukaryotesMartijnS.LuijsterburgSwamm
2、erdamInstituteforLifeSciences,NuclearOrganisationGroup.UniversityofAmsterdam,Kruislaan,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;andDepartmentofCellandMolecularBiology,KarolinskaInstitutet,Stockholm,SwedenMalcolmF.WhiteCentreforBiomolecularSciences,UniversityofStAndrews,StAndr
3、ews,Fife,UnitedKingdomRoelvanDrielSwammerdamInstituteforLifeSciences,NuclearOrganisationGroup.UniversityofAmsterdam,Kruislaan,Amsterdam,TheNetherlandsRemusTh.DameFacultyofSciences,DivisionofPhysicsandAstronomy,VUUniversity,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands;andLeidenIns
4、tituteofChemistry,GorlaeusLaboratories,LaboratoryofMolecularGenetics&CellObservatory,LeidenUniversity,Leiden,TheNetherlandsThegenomicDNAofallorganismsacrossthethreekingdomsoflifeneedstobecompactedandfunctionallyorganized.KeyplayersintheseprocessesareDNAsuperco
5、iling,macromolecularcrowdingandarchitecturalproteinsthatshapeDNAbybindingtoit.Thearchitecturalproteinsinbacteria,archaeaandeukaryotesgenerallydonotexhibitsequenceorstructuralconservationespeciallyacrosskingdoms.Instead,weproposethattheyarefunctionallyconserved
6、.Mostoftheseproteinscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirarchitecturalmodeofaction:bending,wrappingorbridgingDNA.InorderforDNAtransactionstooccurwithinacompactchromatincontext,genomeorganizationcannotbestatic.Indeedchromosomesaresubjecttoawholerangeofremodelingmechan
7、isms.Inthisreview,wediscusstheroleof(i)DNAsupercoiling,(ii)macromolecularcrowdingand(iii)architecturalproteinsingenomeorganization,aswellas(iv)mechanismsusedtoremodelchromosomestructureandtomodulategenomicactivity.Weconcludethattheunderlyingmechanismsthatshape
8、andremodelgenomesareremarkablysimilaramongbacteria,archaeaandeukaryotes.Keywordsnucleoid,nucleus,DNAcompaction,histones,nucleosomes,histone-likeproteins,ar-chitecturalproteinsINTRO
