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1、DemocratizingInnovationDemocratizingInnovationEricvonHippelTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,EnglandFirstMITPresspaperbackedition,2006©2005EricvonHippelExclusiverightstopublishandsellthisbookinprintforminEnglisharelicensedtoTheMITPress.Allotherrightsarereservedbytheauthor.Anelectronicversi
2、onofthisbookisavailableunderaCreativeCommonslicense.MITPressbooksmaybepurchasedatspecialquantitydiscountsforbusinessorsalespromotionaluse.Forinformation,pleaseemailspecial_sales@mitpress.mit.eduorwritetoSpecialSalesDepartment,TheMITPress,55HaywardStreet,Cambridge,MA02142.SetinStonesansandStoneser
3、ifbyTheMITPress.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataHippel,Ericvon.Democratizinginnovation/EricvonHippel.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-262-00274-4(alk.paper),0-262-72047-7(pbk.:alk.paper)1.Technologicalinnovations—Economic
4、aspects.2.Diffusionofinnovations.3.Democracy.I.Title.HC79.T4H5582005338'.064—dc2220040610601098765Dedicatedtoallwhoarebuildingtheinformationcommons.ContentsAcknowledgementsix1IntroductionandOverview12DevelopmentofProductsbyLeadUsers193WhyManyUsersWantCustomProducts334Users’Innovate-or-BuyDecision
5、s455Users’Low-CostInnovationNiches636WhyUsersOftenFreelyRevealTheirInnovations777InnovationCommunities938AdaptingPolicytoUserInnovation1079DemocratizingInnovation12110Application:SearchingforLeadUserInnovations13311Application:ToolkitsforUserInnovationandCustomDesign14712LinkingUserInnovationtoOt
6、herPhenomenaandFields165Notes179Bibliography183Index197AcknowledgementsEarlyinmyresearchonthedemocratizationofinnovationIwasveryfor-tunatetogainfivemajoracademicmentorsandfriends.NathanRosenberg,RichardNelson,ZviGriliches,EdwinMansfield,andAnnCarterallpro-videdcrucialsupportasIadoptedeconomicsast
7、heorganizingframeworkandtoolsetformywork.Later,Icollaboratedwithanumberofwonderfulco-authors,allofwhomarefriendsaswell:StanFinkelstein,NikolausFranke,DietmarHarhoff,JoachimHenkel,CorneliusHerstatt,RalphKatz,GeorgvonKro
