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1、AirnavigationThebasicprinciplesofairnavigationareidenticaltogeneralnavigation,whichincludestheprocessofplanning,recording,andcontrollingthemovementofacraftfromoneplacetoanother.[1]Successfulairnavigationinvolvespilotinganaircraftfromplacetoplacewithoutgettinglost,breakingthelaw
2、sapplyingtoaircraft,orendangeringthesafetyofthoseonboardorontheground.Airnavigationdiffersfromthenavigationofsurfacecraftinseveralways:Aircrafttravelatrelativelyhighspeeds,leavinglesstimetocalculatetheirpositionenroute.Aircraftnormallycannotstopinmid-airtoascertaintheirposition
3、atleisure.Aircraftaresafety-limitedbytheamountoffueltheycancarry;asurfacevehiclecanusuallygetlost,runoutoffuel,thensimplyawaitrescue.Thereisnoin-flightrescueformostaircraft.Andcollisionswithobstructionsareusuallyfatal.Therefore,constantawarenessofpositioniscriticalforaircraftpil
4、ots.Thetechniquesusedfornavigationintheairwilldependonwhethertheaircraftisflyingunderthevisualflightrules(VFR)ortheinstrumentflightrules(IFR).Inthelattercase,thepilotwillnavigateexclusivelyusinginstrumentsandradionavigationaidssuchasbeacons,orasdirectedunderradarcontrolbyairtraffic
5、control.IntheVFRcase,apilotwilllargelynavigateusingdeadreckoningcombinedwithvisualobservations(knownaspilotage),withreferencetoappropriatemaps.Thismaybesupplementedusingradionavigationaids.RouteplanningThefirststepinnavigationisdecidingwhereonewishestogo.Aprivatepilotplanningafli
6、ghtunderVFRwillusuallyuseanaeronauticalchartoftheareawhichispublishedspecificallyfortheuseofpilots.Thismapwilldepictcontrolledairspace,radionavigationaidsandairfieldsprominently,aswellashazardstoflyingsuchasmountains,tallradiomasts,etc.Italsoincludessufficientgrounddetail-towns,roa
7、ds,woodedareas-toaidvisualnavigation.IntheUK,theCAApublishesaseriesofmapscoveringthewholeoftheUKatvariousscales,updatedannually.Theinformationisalsoupdatedinthenoticestoairmen,orNOTAMs.Thepilotwillchoosearoute,takingcaretoavoidcontrolledairspacethatisnotpermittedfortheflight,res
8、trictedareas,dangerareasandsoon.Thechosenrouteisplotte
