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1、CommunistandPost-CommunistStudies,Vol.31,No.3,pp.287±302,1998PergamonÓ1998TheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia.PublishedbyElsevierScienceLtdPrintedinGreatBritain0967-067X/98$19.0010.00PII:S0967-067X(98)00009-9AState-LedNationalism:ThePatrioticEducationCampaigninPost-Tiananmen
2、ChinaSuishengZhaoColbyCollege,Waterville,ME04901,USAThedeclineofCommunismaftertheendofthepost-ColdWarhasseentheriseofnationalisminmanypartsoftheformerCommunistworld.IncountriessuchastheformerSovietUnionandYugoslavia,nationalismwaspursuedlargelyfromthebottomupasethnicandseparat
3、istmovements.Someobserversalsotakethisbottom-upapproachto®ndthemajorcauseofChinesenationalismandbelievethatªthenational-istwaveinChinaisaspontaneouspublicreactiontoaseriesofinternationalevents,notagovernmentpropaganda.º(Zhang,M.(1997)ThenewthinkingofSino±USrelations.JournalofC
4、ontemporaryChina,6(14),117±123).TheyseeChinesenationalismasªabelatedresponsetothetalkofcontainingChinaamongjournalistsandpoliticiansºintheUnitedStatesandªapublicprotestagainstthemistreatmentfromtheUSinthelastseveralyears.º(Li,H.(1997)Chinatalksback:anti-Americanismornationalis
5、m?JournalofContemporaryChina,6(14),153±160).ThispositionconcurswiththeauthorsofnationalisticbooksinChina,suchasTheChinaThatCanSayNo:PoliticalandSentimentalChoiceinthePost-ColdWarEra(Song,Q.,ZhangZ.,QiaoB.(1996)ZhongguoKeyiShuoBu(TheChinaThatCanSayNo).ZhonghuaGongshangLianheChu
6、banshe.Beijing),whichcalleduponChinesepoliticalelitestosaynototheUS,andarguethattheriseofnationalismwasnotaresultoftheof®cialpropagandabutare¯ectionofthestateofmindofanewgenerationofChineseintelligentsiainresponsetotheforeignpressuresinthepost-ColdWarera.Indeed,Chinesenational
7、ismwasmainlyreactivesentimentstoforeignsuppressionsinmodernhistory,andthisnewwaveofnationalistsentimentalsoharboredasenseofwoundednationalprideandananti-foreign(particularlytheUSandJapan)resentment.ManyChineseintellectualsgavevoicetoarisingnationalisticdiscourseinthe1990s(Zhao
8、,S.(1997)Chineseintellectuals'questfornationalgreatnessandnat
