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1、GreeningWithoutConflict?Environmentalism,NGOsandCivilSocietyinChinaPeterHoABSTRACTThisarticlearguesthatthespecificfeaturesanddynamicsofChina'senviron-mentalismcanbeattributedtotwofactors:the`greening'oftheChinesestateatthetimewhenenvironmentalismemerged
2、,andthealternatingpoliticsoftolerationandstrictcontrolofsocialorganizations.Asaresult,environ-mentalismhasdevelopedinagradualway,encompassingthevariousformsof`green'NGOsthatweseeintheWestandtheex-socialiststatesofEasternandCentralEurope.Yet,ontheotherha
3、nd,environmentalismwasalsorobbedoftheopportunity,aswellastheimmediateurgency,toopenlyconfrontthegovernment.ThisiswhereitdeviatesfromenvironmentalismintheWestandtheformerEastern-bloccountries.INTRODUCTION:SOCIALISTIDEOLOGYANDENVIRONMENTALISMTheclean-upof
4、theTaihuLakeinJiangsuProvinceisatotalfailure.TherearenotmanypeopleinChinawhodaretoadmitthisopenly.ButIthinkthatifyouwanttomeansomethingforyourcountryandyouwanttochangethings,youhavetosayitthisway....Environmentalsocialorganizationshavespaceformanoeuvrea
5、slongastheydonotinterferewithnationalpolicies.Wedointerferewithnationalpolicies.Butevenifwegetinto1trouble,someonehastodoit.(FounderofthefirstgreenNGOinChina,2000)Itseemssafetosaythatwithouttheemergenceofenvironmentalmove-mentsaroundtheglobetherewouldha
6、vebeenlittleorno`greening'ofstatebureaucraciesandbusinesscorporations.Environmentalisminallitsmani-festationsfindsitsoriginsinthesocialmovementsthatgrewfrompopulistIwouldliketothankTak-WingNgo,ArthurP.J.Mol,andthetwoanonymousreviewersofthisjournalforthe
7、irhelpfulcommentsonearlierversionsofthispaper.Inparticular,IwanttothankNathanStoltzfusandtheparticipantsoftheinternationalworkshop`GreenProtest:ActivismtoProtecttheEnvironmentaroundtheGlobe',FloridaStateUniversity/GermanHistoricalInstitute(Tallahassee,1
8、±2December2000).Theworkshopprovidedastimulatingacademicenvironment,andmanyhappymemories.ThenamesofChinesepersonsinthetextandreferenceshavebeenrenderedasusualinChina,withthesurnamefirst.Somenameshavebeenchangedtoprotectprivacy.1.T
