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1、BoostingFoundationsandAlgorithmsAdaptiveComputationandMachineLearningThomasDietterich,EditorChristopherBishop,DavidHeckerman,MichaelJordan,andMichaelKearns,AssociateEditorsAcompletelistofthebookspublishedinthisseriesmaybefoundatthebackofthebook.BoostingFoun
2、dationsandAlgorithmsRobertE.SchapireYoavFreundTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England©2012MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,o
3、rinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Forinformationaboutspecialqualitydiscounts,pleaseemailspecial_sales@mitpress.mit.eduThisbookwassetinTimesRomanbyWestchesterBookComposition.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.L
4、ibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSchapire,RobertE.Boosting:foundationsandalgorithms/RobertE.SchapireandYoavFreund.p.cm.—(Adaptivecomputationandmachinelearningseries)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-262-01718-3(hardcover:alk.pa
5、per)1.Boosting(Algorithms)2.Supervisedlearning(Machinelearning)I.Freund,Yoav.II.Title.Q325.75.S332012006.3'1—dc2320110389721098765432ToourfamiliesOnthecover:Arandomizeddepictionofthepotentialfunctiont(s)usedintheboost-by-majorityalgorithm,asgiveninequation
6、(13.30).Eachpixel,identifiedwithanintegerpair(t,s),wasrandomlycoloredbluewithprobabilityt(s),andwasotherwisecoloredyellow(withcolorsinvertedwhereletteringappears).TheroundtrunshorizontallyfromT=1225atthefarleftdownto0atthefarright,andpositionsrunsvertically
7、from−225atthetopto35atthebottom.Anedgeofγ=0.06wasused.[CoverdesignbyMollySeamansandtheauthors.]ContentsSeriesForewordxiPrefacexiii1IntroductionandOverview11.1ClassificationProblemsandMachineLearning21.2Boosting41.3ResistancetoOverfittingandtheMarginsTheory141
8、.4FoundationsandAlgorithms17Summary19BibliographicNotes19Exercises20ICOREANALYSIS212FoundationsofMachineLearning232.1ADirectApproachtoMachineLearning242.2GeneralMethodsofAnalysis302.3AFoundationfortheS