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1、StateofWisconsinDepartmentofTransportationFacilitiesDevelopmentManualORIGINATORPROCEDUREDirector,BureauofHighwayDevelopment13-30-10CHAPTER13DrainageSECTION30ChannelsandRoadDitchesSUBJECT10HydraulicDesignofOpenChannelsThisprocedurepresentsthetheory,designcriteria,basicequatio
2、ns,anddesignproceduresnecessarytohydraulicallydesignopenchannels.Whendesigningopenchannels,thedesignermustbeknowledgeableaboutthetypesofflowchanneldesigncharacteristicsandthebasichydraulicequations.Withthisbackgroundinformation,thedesignermaydesignstablechannelsthroughapplic
3、ationoftheflexibleliningcriteriaanddesigntechniquesdiscussedinthisprocedure.Thedesigntechniquesalongwithexampleproblemspresentedinthisprocedureare:1.FlexibleLiningDesign2.SteepSideSlopeProtection3.BendProtectionDesignInaddition,watersurfaceprofilesforspecificchannelswithvary
4、inghydrauliccharacteristicsmaybecomputedasdescribedunder"WaterSurfaceProfiles,"HEC-2.(SeeProcedure13-20-1foradditionalinformation)TypesofFlowSteadyFlowandUnsteadyFlow:Timeisthecriterion.Theflowatanycrosssectionissaidtobesteadyifthevelocitydoesnotvaryinmagnitudeordirectionwit
5、htime;and,conversely,theflowiscalledunsteadyifthevelocityvarieswithtime.Inmostopenchannelflowproblems,flowconditionsarestudiedundersteadyflowconditionsonly.UniformFlowandVariedFlow:Spaceisthecriterion.Flowissaidtobeuniformwhenthedepthofflowandthemeanvelocitiesarethesameatsuc
6、cessivecrosssectionsinanyreach.Uniformflowmayonlyoccurinachannelwithaconstantcrosssection.Variedflowoccursinreacheswithuniformorvaryingcrosssectionsaffectedbyothercontrolsoritsownchangingshape,whichproduceacceleratedfloworbackwater.Althoughsteady,uniformflowrarelyoccursinnat
7、uralstreamsandconstructedchannels,itisusuallyassumedasacheckpointformostopenchanneldesignproblems.LaminarFlowandTurbulentFlow:Inlaminarflowthewaterparticlesappeartomoveinstreamlinesorsmoothlayers,whileinturbulentflowthewaterparticlesmoveinirregularpathsthatareneithersmoothno
8、rfixedbutasawholerepresenttheforwardmotionoftheentirestream.Ingeneral,allpr
