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1、EngineeringStructures21(1999)469±487Semi-activecontrolsystemsforseismicprotectionofstructures:astate-of-the-artreviewa,*bMichaelD.Symans,MichaelC.ConstantinouaDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,WashingtonStateUniversity,Pullman,WA99164,USAbDepartmentofCi
2、vilEngineering,StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo,Buffalo,NY14260,USAReceived11December1996;receivedinrevisedform2December1997;accepted2December1997AbstractAspassivestructuralcontrolsystemsbegintoseeanincreasedacceptancewithintheearthquakeengineeringcommunity,stron
3、gresearcheffortshavebeenshiftedtowardsthedevelopmentofsemi-activestructuralcontrolsystems.Toplacesemi-activecontrolsystemswithinaproperframeofreference,thispaperbeginswithaqualitativedescriptionandcomparisonofpassive,active,andsemi-activecontrolsystemsforprotectin
4、gstructuressubjectedtoearthquakeinducedgroundmotion.Adetailedliteraturereviewofsemi-activecontrolsystemsisthenprovidedwhichprovidesreferencestoboththeoreticalandexperimentalresearchbutconcen-tratesondescribingtheresultsofexperimentalwork.Speci®cally,thereviewfocus
5、esondescriptionsofthedynamicbehavioranddistinguishingfeaturesofvarioussystemswhichhavebeenexperimentallytestedbothatthecomponentlevelandwithinsmall-scalestructuralmodels.Thesemi-activesystemswhicharereviewedincludestiffnesscontroldevices,electrorheologicaldampers,
6、magnetorheologicaldampers,frictioncontroldevices,¯uidviscousdampers,tunedmassdampersandtunedliquiddampers.Thereviewclearlydemonstratesthatsemi-activecontroldeviceshavethepotentialforimprovingtheseismicbehavioroffull-scalecivilstructures.Ó1998ElsevierScienceLtd.All
7、rightsreserved.Keywords:Structuralcontrol;Semi-activecontrol;Seismicprotection1.Introductionmajorclassesofcontrolsystemsmaybede®nedasfol-lows:Thecontrolofstructuressubjectedtoseismicexci-tationrepresentsachallengingtaskforthecivilengin-Passivecontrolsystems:Apassi
8、vecontrolsystemmayeeringprofession.Thetraditionalapproachtoseismicbede®nedasasystemwhichdoesnotrequireanexter-hazardmitigationistodesignstructureswithsu
