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1、TunnellingandUndergroundSpaceTechnology162001247Ž.293ITAAITESAccreditedMaterialSeismicdesignandanalysisofundergroundstructuresa,abYoussefM.A.Hashash,JeffreyJ.Hook,BirgerSchmidt,aJohnI-ChiangYaoaDepartmentofCiilandEnironmentalEngineering,UniersityofI
2、llinoisatUrbana-Champaign,205N.MathewsAenue,MC-250,Urbana,IL61801,USAbParsonsBrinckerhoff,SanFrancisco,CA,USAAbstractUndergroundfacilitiesareanintegralpartoftheinfrastructureofmodernsocietyandareusedforawiderangeofapplications,includingsubwaysandrailways
3、,highways,materialstorage,andsewageandwatertransport.Undergroundfacilitiesbuiltinareassubjecttoearthquakeactivitymustwithstandbothseismicandstaticloading.Historically,undergroundfacilitieshaveexperiencedalowerrateofdamagethansurfacestructures.Nevertheless
4、,someundergroundstructureshaveexperiencedsignificantdamageinrecentlargeearthquakes,includingthe1995Kobe,Japanearthquake,the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwanearthquakeandthe1999Kocaeli,Turkeyearthquake.Thisreportpresentsasummaryofthecurrentstateofseismicanalysisanddesignf
5、orundergroundstructures.Thisreportdescribesapproachesusedbyengineersinquantifyingtheseismiceffectonanundergroundstructure.Deterministicandprobabilisticseismichazardanalysisapproachesarereviewed.Thedevelopmentofappropriategroundmotionparameters,includingpe
6、akaccelerationsandvelocities,targetresponsespectra,andgroundmotiontimehistories,isbrieflydescribed.Ingeneral,seismicdesignloadsforundergroundstructuresarecharacterizedintermsofthedeformationsandstrainsimposedonthestructurebythesurroundingground,oftenduetot
7、heinteractionbetweenthetwo.Incontrast,surfacestructuresaredesignedfortheinertialforcescausedbygroundaccelerations.Thesimplestapproachistoignoretheinteractionoftheundergroundstructurewiththesurroundingground.Thefree-fieldgrounddeformationsduetoaseismicevent
8、areestimated,andtheundergroundstructureisdesignedtoaccommodatethesedeformations.Thisapproachissatisfactorywhenlowlevelsofshakingareanticipatedortheundergroundfacilityisinastiffmediumsuchasrock.Otherapproachesthatacc
