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1、,,..’“,-----y,’...‘~sp~.&‘PETROLEUMTRANSACTIONS~~vq#~Al%4@@@The-CalculationofPressureGradientsIn.9High-RateFlowingWellsP.B.e~m&ENDELLCIA.SHELLDEVENEZUELAML%WERAIMEMASACAIBO,VENEZUELAR.THOMAS*ABSTRACTwerenotreliableduetoscarcityofdataoverafullrangeofratesandgas-oilratios,Se
2、verplmethodsofWorkonthecalculationofverticaltwo-phasefiowcalculationbasedOrienergy-balanceconsiderationswere“gradientsbyCia.Shellde.Venezuelahasbeenbasedattempted,butthecomputationswerecumbersomeandmainlyonthe“energy-loss”methodproposedbyPoet(-theresultsdiscouraging.In1952a
3、paperwaspublishedmannandCarpenterin1952.byPoettmannandCarpenter*whichproposedanewThe“energy-loss-factor”correfadonproposedbyapproach.Theirmethodwasalsobasedonanenergy-PoettmcnnandCarpenterwasbasedonrelativelylow-balanceequation,butitwasoriginalinthatnoattemptratefiowdata.Th
4、iscorrelationprovedinapplicabletowasmadetoevaluatethevariouscomponentsmaldng’iligh-rateflowconditions.Inanattempttoestablishaupthetotalenergylosses.Instead,theyproposedasmisfactorycorrelationforhfghrates,aseries“ofexperi-formofanalysiswhichassumedthatallthesignitlcantmentsw
5、ascarriedoutatratesupto5,000BIDinenergylossesformutiphaseflowcouldbecorrelatedinCia.SheildeVenezuela’sLaPazMdinVenezueia,aform‘similartothatoftheFanningequationforusingtubingstringsfittedwi!helectronicsurface-record-frictionallossesinsingle-phaseflow.Theythenderivedingpress
6、ureelements.anempiricalrelationsKlplinkingmeasurablefielddataAsaresultoftheseexperimentsacorrelationbe-withafactorwhich,whenappliedtothestandardformtweenenergy-fessfactorandmassflowratewasestab-oftheFarmingequation,wouldenabletheenergylishedwhich,isbelievedtobeapplicabletoa
7、wideIOSS=”tobedetermined,rangeofconduitsizesandcrudetypesathi~hflowThebasicmethodwasappliedinVenezuelatotherates(e.g.,above900B/Dfor2%-in,ODtubing).ItproblemofannularflowgradientsintheLaPazandisanticipatedthattheresultinggradientcalculationsMarafields’.Thisinvolvedestablish
8、inganewenergy-willhaveanaccuracyoftheorderof*5percent.loss-factorcorrelationtocove
