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时间:2019-07-14
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1、©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.AllrightsreservedChapterNinePropertiesandApplicationsoftheCompetitiveModel商學新書:聖誕禮物「折現」最好大公報 [2009-12-07]聖誕節在美國,互贈禮物被視為聯絡感情、表達關懷的最好手法,故禮物支出每年高達約650億美元,也是經濟的寒暑表。賓州大學華頓商學院教授JoelWaldfogel在他的著作《吝嗇鬼經濟學:節日不該送禮的理由》(Scroogenomics:Wh
2、yYouShouldn‘tBuyPresentsfortheHolidays)一書中指出,聖誕節送禮是「集體價值毀滅行為」。他表示,在發達國家,送禮慶祝聖誕節,每年讓價值就這樣蒸發掉250億美元,收到禮的人,跟自己買給自己的禮物相比,價值少20%,很多禮物其實不適合收禮人。商學新書:聖誕禮物「折現」最好送禮與親密性成正比送禮人若與收禮的人不常往來,其送禮的價值,比其雙方常接觸來得更低。他續指出,要消弭這種價值浪費,方法之一是乾脆送現金,這樣收禮的人可以自由選擇去買別的東西。不過他承認習俗上送現金
3、給人會令收者不悅。送禮的文化不太可能完全廢除,因此他建議,對於熟的人,要送貼心的禮,若是對不常往來的人,送賀卡是好方式。資料來源﹕http://paper.wenweipo.com/2009/12/07/FI0912070024.htmPropertiesandApplicationsoftheCompetitiveModelInthischapter,weexaminesixmaintopicsZeroProfitforCompetitiveFirmsintheLongRunProducerW
4、elfareHowCompetitionMaximizesWelfarePoliciesThatShiftSupplyCurvesPoliciesThatCreateaWedgeBetweenSupplyandDemandComparingBothTypesofPolicies©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-4ZeroProfitforCompetitiveFirmsintheLongRunCompetitivefirmsearnzer
5、oprofitinthelongrunwhetherornotentryiscompletelyfree.©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-5ZeroLong-RunProfitwithFreeEntryThelong-runsupplycurveishorizontaliffirmsarefreetoenterthemarket,firmshaveidenticalcost,andinputpricesareconstant.Allfi
6、rmsinthemarketareoperatingatminimumlong-runaveragecost.Theyareindifferentbetweenshuttingdownornotbecausetheyareearningzeroprofit.©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-6ZeroLong-RunProfitWhenEntryisLimitedInsomemarkets,firmscannotenterinrespon
7、setolong-runprofitopportunities.Onereasonforthelimitednumberoffirmsisthatthesupplyofaninputislimited.Onemightthinkthatfirmscouldmakepositivelong-runeconomicprofitsinsuchmarkets;however,that’snottrue.Thereasonwhyfirmsearnzeroeconomicprofitsisthatfirms
8、biddingforthescarceinputdriveitspriceupuntilthefirms’profitsarezero.©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-7©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-8Figure9.1RentProducerWelfareAsupplier’sgainfromparticipatinginthemarketismeasuredbyitspr
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