coordination of group movements in non-human primates

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1、Chapter3CoordinationofGroupMovementsinNon-humanPrimatesClaudiaFichtel,LennartPyritz,andPeterM.KappelerAbstractManyanimalsareorganisedintosocialgroups.Becauseindividualshavedifferentpreferencesanddivergingneeds,conflictsofinterestsexist;theseconflictsareparticularlyrevealedandnegotiated

2、inthecontextofgroupmove-ments.Thus,groupmovementsprovideanexcellentexampletostudycoordinationprocessesinnon-humanprimates.Inthischapterwereviewseveralaspectsrelatedtogroupmovementsinnon-humanprimates.Wefirstsummarisethecurrentunderstandingofvariationinspacingpatterns,typesofleadership

3、,anddecision-makingprocesses.Wethenfocusonmethodologicalissuesanddiscussvariousoperationaldefinitionsofgroupmovements,andweproposeanoperationaldefini-tionthathasalreadybeenappliedsuccessfullyinstudiesofsmallfree-ranginggroups.Weconcludebydiscussingthepossibilitiesandlimitationsoftransf

4、erringconceptsandmethodsfromstudiesofnon-humanprimategroupstoresearchonhumangroups.3.1IntroductionManyanimalsareorganisedintopermanentsocialgroups.Theshiftfromanoriginallysolitarytoagregariouslifestyleisconsideredtobeoneofthemajorevolutionarytransitions(MaynardSmithandSzathma´ry1995)

5、.Thesesocialgroupsdifferenormouslyinsize,composition,permanence,andcohesion(ParrishandEdelstein-Keshet1999).Theirmemberscanbeanonymoustoeachother,ortheycanrecognisegrouporevenindividualidentity.Theultimatereasonsforwhyanimalsmightbegroup-livingaswellastherespectiveoptimalgroupsizehav

6、ebeeninvestigatedindetailindiversetaxa(e.g.Bertram1978;vanSchaik1983;ZemelandLubin1995).TheseevolutionarybenefitsincludereducedindividualC.Fichtel(*),L.Pyritz,andP.M.KappelerDepartmentofBehaviouralEcologyandSociobiology,GermanPrimateCenter,Kellnerweg6,37077G€ottingen,Germanye-mail:cla

7、udia.fichtel@gwdg.de;LennartPyritz@gmx.net;pkappel@gwdg.deM.Boosetal.(eds.),CoordinationinHumanandPrimateGroups,37DOI10.1007/978-3-642-15355-6_3,#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg201138C.Fichteletal.predationrisk,jointresourcedefence,cooperativeforaging,sharedvigilance,andinformationtra

8、nsfer(Alexan