Calcaneus length determines running economy——Implications for endurance running performance in modern humans and Neandertals

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1、JournalofHumanEvolution60(2011)299e308ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectJournalofHumanEvolutionjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevolCalcaneuslengthdeterminesrunningeconomy:ImplicationsforendurancerunningperformanceinmodernhumansandNeandertalsa,*abDavidA.Raichlen,HunterArmstrong,DanielE.

2、LiebermanaSchoolofAnthropology,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ85721,USAbDepartmentofHumanEvolutionBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USAarticleinfoabstractArticlehistory:Theendurancerunning(ER)hypothesissuggeststhatdistancerunningplayedanimportantroleintheReceived28February2010evolutionofthe

3、genusHomo.MostresearchershavefocusedonERperformanceinmodernhumans,orAccepted20November2010onreconstructingERperformanceinHomoerectus,however,fewstudieshaveexaminedERcapabilitiesAvailableonline26January2011inothermembersofthegenusHomo.Here,weexamineskeletalcorrelatesofERperformanceinmodernhumansinor

4、dertoevaluatetheenergeticsofrunninginNeandertalsandearlyHomosapiens.RecentKeywords:researchsuggeststhatrunningeconomy(theenergycostofrunningatagivenspeed)isstronglyrelatedEnergeticstothelengthoftheAchillestendonmomentarm.ShortermomentarmsallowforgreaterstorageandLocomotionreleaseofelasticstrainener

5、gy,reducingenergycosts.Here,weshowthataskeletalcorrelateofAchillesAchillestendonMomentarmtendonmomentarmlength,thelengthofthecalcanealtuber,doesnotcorrelatewithwalkingeconomy,butcorrelatessignificantlywithrunningeconomyandexplainsahighproportionofthevariance(80%)incostbetweenindividuals.Neandertalsh

6、adrelativelylongercalcanealtubersthanmodernhumans,whichwouldhaveincreasedtheirenergycostsofrunning.CalcanealtuberlengthsinearlyH.sapiensdonotsignificantlydifferfromthoseofextantmodernhumans,suggestingNeandertalEReconomywasreducedrelativetocontemporaneousanatomicallymodernhumans.Endurancerunningisgen

7、erallythoughttobebeneficialforgainingaccesstomeatinhotenvironments,wherehomininscouldhaveusedpursuithuntingtorunpreytaxaintohyperthermia.WehypothesizethatERperformancemayhavebeenreducedinNeandertalsbecauseth