Chapter G Sea Environment Impact and Explosion

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1、GSeaEnvironment:ImpactandExplosionG.1MultipleWaveImpactonaBeachFrontAmultiplewaveimpactphenomenonisconsideredonastonewallwithaslopeof60◦tothehorizontal,asshowninFig.G.1.Thefollowingarethemajorinputparametersincludedintheoverallimpactanalysis:Walldimensions:10mhigh×5mwide×300mlongE=2.8×107kNm−2ν

2、=0.2−3ρ(densityofrock)=2.5MgmJoints:ϕ=45◦−2−2c=variable≈23kNmandatcollapse21kNmσ(tensilestrengthofjoint)=1ct10Intactrock:ϕ=45◦−2c=5,600kNmWindassociatedwithwaves(100waveswithphasedifferencesassumed):120mphTotalnumberof20-nodedelements:700(size1m×1m×1m)Totalnumberofnodalpoints:12,700Totalnumberof

3、jointelements:550(3mmthick)The20-noded,isoparametricfinite-elementmeshisgivenforthewallinFig.G.2.After70continuouswaveimpacts,thehorizontaldisplacementofthestonewallwasasshowninFig.G.3.Atthe100thwaveimpactthestonesweredislocatedandsomerocks/stonesslidontheplane.TensioncracksasdepictedinFig.G.4we

4、redeveloped.Thetotaldurationwas330sandthetimeinterval,t,was30s.ThestresstrajectoryforthiswallcorrespondingtothesecracksisplottedinFig.G.5.Theassociatedflowrulewasadopted.Agapelementwasconsideredfortheslippingjoint.AlltherockpropertiesgiveninChap.2wereexamined.Thelimestonewallconsideredintheanaly

5、sis1048GSeaEnvironment:ImpactandExplosion300m5m10m60∞Fig.G.1.Beachfrontsectionalelevation12345678910111213162534435261172635445362182736455463192837465564202938475665123213039485766145156147101322314049586725811142332415059683691215243342516069Fig.G.2.Finite-elementidealizationofthebeachwallwas

6、examinedforitstri-axialbehaviour.Endochronictheoryassociatedwithaflowrulewasthemainobjectivebehindthisanalysis.Anotherbeachfrontwasinvestigatedagainstmultiplewaveimpacts.Thebeachdefenceswereformedandthearmourunitsoftetropodsanddoloseswerelocated.AspecificplacementofunitsisgiveninFig.G.6andisbased

7、ontheprogressiveformationofastackassembly.Sincetheirpositionsareofastochasticnature,theforcesactingontheunitswillshowalargevariabil-ity.AtypicalformationofabreakwaterisshowninFig.G.7.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatthemostextensivebreaka