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1、PersonalityandSocialPsychologyReviewCopyright©2005by2005,Vol.9,No.1,17–31LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.Individualism:AValidandImportantDimensionofCulturalDifferencesBetweenNationsUlrichSchimmackDepartmentofPsychologyUniversityofToronto,MississaugaShigeh
2、iroOishiDepartmentofPsychologyUniversityofVirginiaEdDienerDepartmentofPsychologyUniversityofIllinois,Urbana–Champaign,GallupOyserman,Coon,andKemmelmeier’s(2002)meta-analysissuggestedproblemsinthemeasurementofindividualismandcollectivism.StudiesusingHofs
3、tede’sindivid-ualismscoresshowlittleconvergentvaliditywithmorerecentmeasuresofindividual-ismandcollectivism.Weproposethatthelackofconvergentvalidityisduetonationaldifferencesinresponsestyles.WhereasHofstedestatisticallycontrolledforresponsestyles,Oyserm
4、anetal.’smeta-analysisreliedonuncorrectedratings.DatafromaninternationalstudentsurveydemonstratedconvergentvaliditybetweenHofstede’sindividualismdimensionandhorizontalindividualismwhenresponsestylesweresta-tisticallycontrolled,whereasuncorrectedscoresco
5、rrelatedhighlywiththeindividu-alismscoresinOysermanetal.’smeta-analysis.Uncorrectedhorizontalindividual-ismscoresandmeta-analyticindividualismscoresdidnotcorrelatesignificantlywithnations’development,whereascorrectedhorizontalindividualismscoresandHofst
6、ede’sindividualismdimensionweresignificantlycorrelatedwithdevelopment.Thispatternofresultssuggeststhatindividualismisavalidconstructforcross-cul-turalcomparisons,butthatthemeasurementofthisconstructneedsimprovement.Thedevelopmentofcross-culturalpsycholo
7、gyisandcollectivismcontinuedtobethemostprominentmarkedbyseveralhighlyinfluentialpublicationsoverconstructsincross-culturalpsychologyinthe1990sthepastdecades.Thebirthofcross-culturalpsychol-(e.g.,Kashima,Yamaguchi,Kim,&Choi,1995;Kim,ogyasadisciplineismar
8、kedbytheappearanceoftheTriandis,Kagitcibasi,Choi,&Yoon,1994;Triandis,JournalofCross-CulturalPsychologyin1970and1995),makingthem“perhapsthemostimportantdi-Triandis’s(1972)groundbreakingbookonsubjectivemensionofculturaldifferencesi
