欧盟经济，社会与政策讲义--伦敦经济学院

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1、byAndrésRodríguez-PoseLondonSchoolofEconomicsOxfordUniversityPressISBN0-19-874286-XTHEEUROPEANUNION:ECONOMY,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITYPartIECONOMYChapter1CompetitivenessThestagesofeconomicintegrationFreetradeareas:Freetradebetweenmembers,differentexternaltariffsLittleornoinstitutionalco-ordinationCus

2、tomsunion:FreetradebetweenmembersandcommonexternaltraderestrictionCommonregulatorybodiesCommon(orsingle)markets:RemovalofallbarrierstofreefactormobilityFreemobilityofgoods,capital,labour,andservicesGreaterlevelofregulationandstronginstitutionstomonitordecisionsadoptedbymemberstatesThestageso

3、feconomicintegration(II)Economicunion:Harmonisationofeconomicpolicies(generallymonetaryorfiscalpolicy)Membersgiveuppowers.StrongcentralinstitutionswhichdictatecommoneconomicpolicyCompleteeconomicintegration:AlleconomicpolicyareasareharmonisedThecapacityofstatestoimplementindependentpoliciesd

4、isappearsCentralinstitutionsbecomethecentresofeconomicdecision-makingThestagesofeconomicintegrationintheEUEconomicintegrationtoachievecompetitivenessWhydidacustomsunion(theEC)decidetoincreasethepaceofeconomicintegrationduringthe1980sand1990s?Increasingglobalisationoftheworldeconomy(increased

5、competition,especiallyfromtheUS,Japan,andtheNICs)Moresophisticatedsystemstododgetradebarriers(multinationalcorporations)Beliefthatmarketfragmentation(nationallydividedmarkets)wasreducingeconomiesofscaleGDPpercapita(2000)inEurope,theUSandJapanThelimitsofEuropeancompetitivenessThecostsofthe‘no

6、n-Europe’(Cecchini,1991):Physicalbarriers:Intra-Europeanstoppages,controlsatbordercheckpoints,red-tape,differentcurrencies…Technicalbarriers:DifferentnationalproductstandardsandtechnicalregulationsacrossMemberStatesFiscalbarriers:LackoffiscalharmonisationPhysicalbarriersCustomrelatedcosts:Cu

7、stomscontrols,borderstoppagesPaperworkandred-tapeExchangeoflow-valueaddedperishablegoodssufferedasaresultHighadministrativecostsandregulatoryhassles:Highercostofred-tapeofSMEs(higherproportionoftheirbusinessvolume,andlackofexpertiseandhumanresource