【巴特菲尔德】辉格党式的历史解释

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1、TheWhigInterpretationofHistoryHerbertButterfield(1900-1979)(1931)Preface1.Introduction2.TheUnderlyingAssumption3.TheHistoricalProcess4.HistoryandJudgementsofValue5.TheArtoftheHistorian6.MoralJudgementsinHistory1PrefaceThefollowingstudydealswith"thewhiginterpretationofhistory"inwhatIconceivet

2、obetheacceptedmeaningofthephrase.Atleastitcoversallthatisordinarilyunderstoodbythewords,thoughpossiblyitgivesthemalsoanextendedsense.WhatisdiscussedisthetendencyinmanyhistorianstowriteonthesideofProtestantsandWhigs,topraiserevolutionsprovidedtheyhavebeensuccessful,toemphasizecertainprinciple

3、sofprogressinthepastandtoproduceastorywhichistheratificationifnottheglorificationofthepresent.Thiswhigversionofthecourseofhistoryisassociatedwithcertainmethodsofhistoricalorganizationandinference–certainfallaciestowhichallhistoryisliable,unlessitbehistoricalresearch.Theexaminationoftheserais

4、esproblemsconcerningtherelationsbetweenhistoricalresearchandwhatisknownasgeneralhistory;concerningthenatureofahistoricaltransitionandofwhatmightbecalledthehistoricalprocess;andalsoconcerningthelimitsofhistoryasastudy,andparticularlytheattemptofthewhigwriterstogainfromitafinalitythatitcannotg

5、ive.Thesubjectistreatednotasaprobleminthephilosophyofhistory,butratherasanaspectofthepsychologyofhistorians.Usehasbeenmadeofwordslikeconjunctureandcontingencytodescribewhatappearassuchtotheobserverandtothehistorian.Thepresentstudydoesnotconcernitselfwiththephilosophicaldescriptionoranalysiso

6、fthese.Anditstheseswouldbeunaffectedbyanythingthephilosophercouldstatetoexplainthemortoexplainthemaway.H.B.September193121.IntroductionIthasbeensaidthatthehistorianistheavenger,andthatstandingasajudgebetweenthepartiesandrivalriesandcausesofbygonegenerationshecanliftupthefallenandbeatdownthep

7、roud,andbyhisexposuresandhisverdicts,hissatireandhismoralindignation,canpunishunrighteousness,avengetheinjuredorrewardtheinnocent.Onemaybeforgivenfornotbeingtoohappyaboutanydivisionofmankindintogoodandevil,progressiveandreactionary,blackandwhite;an