Issues in the timing of integrated early interventions

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1、Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.ISSN0077-8923ANNALSOFTHENEWYORKACADEMYOFSCIENCESIssue:IntegratingNutritionandEarlyChildhoodDevelopmentInterventionsIssuesinthetimingofintegratedearlyinterventions:contributionsfromnutrition,neuroscience,andpsychologicalresearchTheodoreD.Wachs,1MichaelGeorgieff,2SarahCusic

2、k,3andBruceS.McEwen31DepartmentofPsychologicalSciences,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,Indiana.2DepartmentofPediatrics,UniversityofMinnesotaMedicalSchool,Minneapolis,Minnesota.3HaroldandMargaretMillikenHatchLaboratoryofNeuroendocrinology,TheRockefellerUniversity,NewYork,NewYorkAddressforco

3、rrespondence:TheodoreD.Wachs,DepartmentofPsychologicalSciences,PurdueUniversity,7033rdSt.,WestLafayette,Indiana47907.wachs@psych.purdue.eduAcentralissuewhendesigningmultidimensionalbiologicalandpsychosocialinterventionsforchildrenwhoareexposedtomultipledevelopmentalrisksisidentificationoft

4、heageperiod(s)inwhichsuchinterventionswillhavethestrongestandlongestlastingeffects(sensitiveperiods).Inthispaper,wereviewnutritional,neuroscientific,andpsychologicalevidenceonthisissue.Nutritionalevidenceisusedtoidentifynutrient-sensitiveperiodsofage-linkeddimensionsofbraindevelopment,with

5、specificreferencetoirondeficiency.Neuroscienceevidenceisusedtoassesstheimportanceoftimingofexposurestoenvironmentalstressorsformaintainingneural,neuroendocrine,andimmunesystemsintegrity.Psychologicalevidenceillustratesthesensitivityofcognitiveandsocial–emotionaldevelopmenttocontextualriskan

6、dprotectiveinfluencesencounteredatdifferentages.Evidencerevieweddocumentsthattheearlyyearsoflifeareasensitiveperiodwhenbiologicalorpsychosocialinterventionsorexposuretoriskorprotectivecontextualinfluencescanproduceuniquelong-terminfluencesuponhumanbrain,neuroendocrine,andcognitiveorpsychosoc

7、ialdevelopment.However,theevidencedoesnotidentifytheearlyyearsasthesolesensitivetimeperiodwithinwhichtohaveasignificantinfluenceupondevelopment.Choiceofage(s)toinitiateinterventionsshouldbebasedonwhatoutcomesaretargetedandwhatinterventionsareused.Keywords:earlyinterve