Mises The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics

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1、TheHistoricalSettingoftheAustrianSchoolofEconomicsLudwigvonMisesCopyright©1984bytheLudwigvonMisesInstitute.[1969]byArlingtonHouse.Onlineedition©2003bytheLudwigvonMisesInstitute.TableofContentsI.CarlMengerandtheAustrianSchoolofEconomics1.TheBeginnings12.TheAustrianSchoolofEconomicsandtheAustr

2、ianUniversities23.TheAustrianSchoolintheIntellectualLifeofAustria44.Böhm-BawerkandWieserasMembersoftheAustrianCabinet6II.TheConflictwiththeGermanHistoricalSchool1.TheGermanRejectionofClassicalEconomics72.TheSterilityofGermanyintheFieldofEconomics103.TheMethodenstreit124.ThePoliticalAspectsof

3、theMethodenstreit135.TheLiberalismoftheAustrianEconomists16III.ThePlaceoftheAustrianSchoolofEconomicsintheEvolutionofEconomics1.The“AustrianSchool”andAustria192.TheHistoricalSignificanceoftheMethodenstreit20TheHistoricalSettingoftheAustrianSchoolofEconomicsLudwigvonMisesI.CarlMengerandtheAus

4、trianSchoolofEconomics1.TheBeginningsWhatisknownastheAustrianSchoolofEconomicsstartedin1871whenCarlMengerpublishedaslendervolumeunderthetitleGrundsätzederVolkswirtschaftslehre.Itiscustomarytotracetheinfluencethatthemilieuexertedupontheachievementsofgenius.Peopleliketoascribetheexploitsofaman

5、ofgenius,atleasttosomeextent,totheoperationofhisenvironmentandtotheclimateofopinionofhisageandhiscountry.Whateverthismethodmayaccomplishinsomecases,thereisnodoubtthatitisinapplicablewithregardtothoseAustrianswhosethoughts,ideasanddoctrinesmatterformankind.BernardBolzano,GregorMendelandSigmun

6、dFreudwerenotstimulatedbytheirrelatives,teachers,colleaguesorfriends.Theirexertionsdidnotmeetwithsympathyonthepartoftheircontemporarycountrymenandthegovernmentoftheircountry.BolzanoandMendelcarriedontheirmainworkinsurroundingswhich,asfarastheirspecialfieldsareconcerned,couldbecalledanintelle

7、ctualdesert,andtheydiedlongbeforepeoplebegantodivinetheworthoftheircontributions.FreudwaslaughedatwhenhefirstmadepublichisdoctrinesintheViennaMedicalAssociation.OnemaysaythatthetheoryofsubjectivismandmarginalismthatCarlMengerdevelopedwasintheair.It