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1、Chapter7DAOISM(I):LAOZIANDTHEDAO-DE-JINGXiaoganLiuTheLao-Zi,alsoknownastheDao-De-Jing,isashortChineseclassicofabout5,000characterstraditionallyconsideredDaoism’searliestscripture.Itisoneofthemostimportantbooksofitsgenre,withnumeroustranslationsinthepast100yearsandhundredsofcommentariesovertwomi
2、llennia.ThetitleoftheLao-ZitextfollowsanearlyChinesetradition(ca722–207BCE),suggestingthatthebookwasauthoredbyafigureknownasLaoZi.LaterthisworkwasreveredastheDao(道)-De(德)-Jing(經).Jingsuggestsaclassicorscripture,whileDaocomesfromthepath,road,orWayandwasusedbyLaoZiasasymbolfortheultimateoriginand
3、groundsoftheuniverse.DeisthecharacterusedinConfucianthoughttorefertothenotionofvirtue,morality,ormoralcharisma,butherethemeaninginsteadgenerallyindicatestheembodimentandfunctionofDaoinindividualthingsandtheattractivequalityofaDaoistsage(Ivanhoe1999).AlthoughitiscommonknowledgethatLaoZiwasthefou
4、nderoftheDaoistschoolandtheDao-De-Jingitsfirsttext,therewashistoricallynoinstituteoracademyofDaoism,andsowehavenoclearrecordaboutitstransmissionfrommastertodisciple,orfromgenerationtogeneration.Theexpressiondao-jia(道家)isaretrospectivetermfirstfoundintheWesternHandynasty(206BCE–8CE)workShi-Ji(Re
5、cordsoftheHistorian),writtenatthebeginningofthefirstcenturyBCEbycourthistorianSimaQian.Dao-jiaisusuallytranslatedas‘Daoism’,or‘Daoistschool’,or‘Daoistphilosophy’,allofwhichdenotesimilarmeanings.Strictlyspeaking,however,theword‘Daoism’(or‘Taoism’)isnotatranslationofanyChineseterm,butawordcoinedi
6、nthenineteenthcenturybyWesternerstodenotebothDaoistphilosophyandtheindigenousreligiousmovements(dao-jiao道教)thattookshapeattheendoftheEasternHan(25–220CE).BeingawarethatearlyDaoistgroupswerenotinstitution-alizedhelpsusavoidthelargelymisguidedassumptionthatstrugglesoccurredbetweenConfucianistsand
7、Daoists,adramaticandappealingtheorythathasbeenbroadlyusedasaframeworkforunderstandingDaoistthoughtandtextualhistory.1ThedozensofCLASSICALCHINESEPHILOSOPHY(I):PRE-HANPERIODperiodtextsrecentlyexcavatedbyarcheologistsindicatenoclearb
