资源描述：
《How Academia Resembles a Drug Gang _ Alexandre Afonso》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、AlexandreAfonsoPolitics.Markets.Walruses.HowAcademiaResemblesaDrugGangPostedonNovember21,2013In2000,economistStevenLevittandsociologistSudhirVenkateshpublishedanarticleintheQuarterlyJournalofEconomicsabouttheinternalwagestructureofaChicagodruggang.Thispiecewouldlaterserveasabasisforacha
2、pterinLevitt’s(andDubner’s)bestsellerFreakonomics.[1]Thetitleofthechapter,“Whydrugdealersstilllivewiththeirmoms”,wasbasedonthefindingthattheincomedistributionwithingangswasextremelyskewedinfavorofthoseatthetop,whiletherank-and-filestreetsellersearnedevenlessthanemployeesinlegitimatelow-
3、skilledactivities,let’ssayatMcDonald’s.Theycalculated3.30dollarsasthehourlyrate,thatis,wellbelowalivingwage(that’swhytheystilllivewiththeirmoms).[2]Ifyoutakeintoaccounttheriskofbeingshotbyrivalgangs,endingupinjailorbeingbeatenupbyyourownhierarchy,youmightwonderwhyanybodywouldworkforsuch
4、alowwageandatsuchdreadfulworkingconditionsinsteadofseekingemploymentatMcDonalds.Yet,gangshavenorealdifficultyinrecruitingnewmembers.Thereasonforthisisthattheprospectoffuturewealth,ratherthancurrentincomeandworkingconditions,isthemaindriverforpeopletostayinthebusiness:low-leveldrugseller
5、sforgocurrentincomefor(uncertain)futurewealth.Rank-andfilemembersarereadytofacethisrisktotrytomakeittothetop,wherelifeisgoodandmoneyisflowing.Itisveryunlikelythattheywillmakeit(theirmortalityrateisinsanelyhigh,bytheway)butthey’rereadyto“getrichordietrying”.Withaconstantsupplyofnewlow-le
6、veldrugsellersenteringthemarketandreadytobeexploited,druglordscanbecomeincreasinglyrichwithoutneedingtodistributetheirwealthtowardsthebottom.Youhaveanexpandingmassofrank-and-file“outsiders”readytoforgoincomeforfuturewealth,andasmallcoreof“insiders”securingincomeslargelyattheexpenseofthe
7、mass.Wecancallitawinner-take-allmarket.AcademiaasaDualLabourMarketFollowTheacademicjobmarketisstructuredinmanyrespectslikeadruggang,withanexpandingmassofoutsidersandashrinkingcoreoFfinoslildoerws.E“vAenleifxtahenpdrorbeabilitythatyoumightgetshotinacademiaisrelativelysmall(unles
