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1、KarimR.LakhaniandJillA.PanettaThePrinciplesofDistributedInnovation“Nomatterwhoyouare,mostofthesmartestpeopleworkforsomeoneelse”isknownasJoy’sLawinthehigh-techindustry.AttributedtoSunMicrosystemsco-founderBillJoy,this“law”emphasizestheessentialknowledge
2、problemthatfacesmanyenterprisestoday,thatis,thatinanygivensphereofactivitymostoftheper-tinentknowledgewillresideoutsidetheboundariesofanyoneorganization,andthecentralchallengeforthosechargedwiththeinnovationmissionistofindwaystoaccessthatknowledge.Thec
3、ausalexplanationofJoy’sLawisprovidedintheseminalworkofecono-mistsFriedrichHayekandEricvonHippelonthedistributedandstickynatureofknowledgeandinnovation.Hayek1,in1945,arguingfortheimportanceofthemarketeconomy,emphasizedthatatthemacrolevelknowledgeisuneve
4、nlydis-tributedinsociety,andthatcentralizedmodelsforeconomicplanningandcoor-dinationarepronetofailureduetoaninabilitytoaggregatethisdistributedknowledge.Thirtyyearslater,micro-levelstudiesbyvonHippel2begantosuggestthatinmanyindustriesusersweretheorigin
5、atorsofmostnovelinnovations.Users’dominantroleinoriginatinginnovationsreflectsthefactthatknowledgeisnotonlydistributedbutalso“sticky,”thatis,relativelydifficultandextremelycost-lytomovebetweenlocations,thusshiftingthelocusofinnovationtowhereitisthestic
6、kiest.3Usersgeneratefunctionallynovelinnovationsbecausetheyexperi-encenovelneedswellaheadofmanufacturers,andmanufacturersdevelopdimen-sionofmeritinnovations(thatimprovetheperformanceofexistingfeatures)becausetheyspecializeinproducingproductsforthemassm
7、arket.4Joy’sLawisexacerbatedbytheexplosionofknowledgeinmostscientificandtechnologicalfields.IntheonlinedatabaseoftheUSNationalLibraryofMedicine(Medline),forexample,between1955and2005,thenumberofacademicpaperspublishedinthelifesciencesincreasedapproxima
8、telysix-and-one-half-fold,from105,000to686,000.5Eveninrelativelynarrowandobscurefields,tissueengineer-ingforinstance,6,131academicpublicationswereauthoredby17,044individualsbetween2004and2006.6Inthefaceofthisexplosionofknowledge,mostorg
