An Introduction to acoustics

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1、AnIntroductiontoAcousticsS.W.Rienstra&A.HirschbergEindhovenUniversityofTechnology3rdMarch2004ThisisanextendedandrevisededitionofIWDE92-06.Commentsandcorrectionsaregratefullyaccepted.Thisfilemaybeusedandprinted,butforpersonaloreducationalpurposesonly.
cS.W.Rienstra&A.Hirschberg2004.2RienstraHir

2、schberg3rdMarch200412:00ContentsPreface1Somefluiddynamics31.1Conservationlawsandconstitutiveequations...........31.2Approximationsandalternativeformsoftheconservationlawsforidealfluids.............................72Waveequation,speedofsound,andacousticenergy132.1Orderofmagnitudeestimates.......

3、............132.2Waveequationforauniformstagnantfluidandcompactness...182.2.1Linearizationandwaveequation..............182.2.2Simplesolutions.......................192.2.3Compactness........................212.3Speedofsound...........................222.3.1Idealgas...........................22

4、2.3.2Water............................242.3.3Bubblyliquidatlowfrequencies..............242.4Influenceoftemperaturegradient.................262.5Influenceofmeanflow.......................282.6Sourcesofsound..........................292.6.1Inverseproblemanduniquenessofsources.........292.6.2Massan

5、dmomentuminjection...............292.6.3Lighthill’sanalogy.....................312.6.4Vortexsound........................352.7Acousticenergy..........................36iiContents2.7.1Introduction.........................362.7.2Kirchhoff’sequationforquiescentfluids..........382.7.3Acousticenerg

6、yinanon-uniformflow...........412.7.4Acousticenergyandvortexsound..............423Green’sfunctions,impedance,andevanescentwaves463.1Green’sfunctions..........................463.1.1Integralrepresentations...................463.1.2RemarksonfindingGreen’sfunctions............493.2Acousticimpedanc

7、e........................503.2.1Impedanceandacousticenergy...............523.2.2Impedanceandreflectioncoefficient............523.2.3Impedanceandcausality..................533.2.4Impedanceandsurfacewaves................553.2.5Acousticboundarycon