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1、slavojžižekAGAINSTHUMANRIGHTSontemporaryappealstohumanrightswithinourliberal-capitalistsocietiesgenerallyrestuponthreeassumptions.First,thatsuchappealsfunctioninoppositiontomodesofCfundamentalismthatwouldnaturalizeoressentializecon-tingent,historicallyconditionedtraits.Second,thatthetwomostba
2、sicrightsarefreedomofchoice,andtherighttodedicateone’slifetothepursuitofpleasure(ratherthantosacrificeitforsomehigherideologicalcause).Andthird,thatanappealtohumanrightsmayformthebasisforadefenceagainstthe‘excessofpower’.Letusbeginwithfundamentalism.Here,theevil(toparaphraseHegel)oftendwellsin
3、thegazethatperceivesit.TaketheBalkansduringthe1990s,thesiteofwidespreadhuman-rightsviolations.AtwhatpointdidtheBalkans—ageographicalregionofSouth-EasternEurope—become‘Balkan’,withallthatdesignatesfortheEuropeanideologicalimaginarytoday?Theansweris:themid-19thcentury,justastheBalkanswerebeingf
4、ullyexposedtotheeffectsofEuropeanmodernization.ThegapbetweenearlierWesternEuropeanperceptionsandthe‘modern’imageisstriking.Alreadyinthe16thcenturytheFrenchnaturalistPierreBeloncouldnotethat‘theTurksforcenoonetolivelikeaTurk’.Smallsurprise,then,thatsomanyJewsfoundasylumandreligiousfreedominTur
5、keyandotherMuslimcountriesafterFerdinandandIsabellahadexpelledthemfromSpainin1492—withtheresultthat,inasupremetwistofirony,WesterntravellersweredisturbedbythepublicpresenceofJewsinbigTurkishcities.Here,fromalongseriesofexamples,isareportfromN.Bisani,anItalianwhovisitedIstanbulin1788:Astranger
6、,whohasbeheldtheintoleranceofLondonandParis,mustbemuchsurprisedtoseeachurchherebetweenamosqueandasynagogue,andadervishbythesideofaCapuchinfriar.Iknownothowthisgovern-mentcanhaveadmittedintoitsbosomreligionssooppositetoitsown.Itnewleftreview34julyaug2005115116nlr34mustbefromdegeneracyofMahomme
7、danism,thatthishappycontrastcanbeproduced.Whatisstillmoreastonishingistofindthatthisspiritoftolerationisgenerallyprevalentamongthepeople;forhereyouseeTurks,Jews,Catholics,Armenians,GreeksandProtestantsconversingtogetheronsubjectsofbusinessorpl
