Affirmative Action Around the World An Empirical Study by Thomas Sowell

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1、A≈rmativeActionAroundtheWorldAnEmpiricalStudyA≈rmativeActionAroundtheWorldAnEmpiricalStudyThomasSowellyaleuniversitypressnewhaven&londonCopyright∫2004byThomasSowell.Allrightsreserved.Thisbookmaynotbereproduced,inwholeorinpart,includingillustrations,inanyform(beyondthatcopyingpermittedbySections107a

2、nd108oftheU.S.CopyrightLawandexceptbyreviewersforthepublicpress),withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers.DesignedbyJamesJ.JohnsonandsetinBaskervilletypebyKeystoneTypesetting,Inc.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyR.R.Donnelley&Sons.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSowell,Thomas,1930–

3、Affirmativeactionaroundtheworld:anempiricalstudy/ThomasSowell.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-300-10199-6(cloth:alk.paper)1.Affirmativeactionprograms—Cross-culturalstudies.2.Discriminationinemployment—Cross-culturalstudies.3.Discriminationineducation—Cross-culturalstudies.I.Title

4、.HF5549.5.A34S6852003331.13%3—dc212003014024AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.ThepaperinthisbookmeetstheguidelinesforpermanenceanddurabilityoftheCommitteeonProductionGuidelinesforBookLongevityoftheCouncilonLibraryResources.10987654321Factsarestubbornthings,andwhatevermaybe

5、ourwishes,ourinclinations,orthedictatesofourpassions,theycannotalterthestateoffactsandevidence.—johnadamsContentsPrefaceixchapter1:AnInternationalPerspective1chapter2:AffirmativeActioninIndia23chapter3:AffirmativeActioninMalaysia55chapter4:AffirmativeActioninSriLanka78chapter5:AffirmativeActioninNigeri

6、a95chapter6:AffirmativeActionintheUnitedStates115chapter7:ThePastandtheFuture166Notes199Index233Prefaceany—ifnotmost—peoplewhoarefororagainstaffir-Mmativeactionarefororagainstthetheoryofaffir-mativeaction.Thefactualquestionofwhatactuallyhappensasaresultofaffirmativeactionpoliciesreceivesre-markablylitt

7、leattention.Assumptions,beliefsandrationalesdominatecontroversiesonthisissueincountriesaroundtheworld.Thisbookaddressestheempiricalquestionofjustwhatdoesanddoesnothappenunderaffirmativeaction—andtowhosebenefi