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1、Lettheconceptoftraitbefunctional!CyrilleViolle,Marie-LaureNavas,DenisVile,ElenaKazakou,ClaireFortunel,Ire`neHummelandEricGarnierAbstractInitssimplestdefinition,atraitisasurrogateoforganismalperformance.Wethereforegiveanunambiguousdefinitionofplanttrait,withaparti
2、cularemphasisonfunctionaltrait.Ahierarchicalperspectiveisproposed,extendingthe‘‘performanceparadigm’’toplantecology.‘‘Functionaltraits’’aredefinedasmorpho-physiop-henologicaltraitswhichimpactfitnessindirectlyviatheireffectsongrowth,reproductionandsurvival,thethre
3、ecomponentsofindividualperformance.Wefinallypresentanintegrativeframeworkexplaininghowchangesintraitvaluesduetoenvironmentalvariationsaretranslatedintoorganismalperformance,andhowthesechangesmayinfluenceprocessesathigherorganizationallevels.IntroductionFollowingD
4、arwin’s(1859)proposal,traitswereinitiallymainlyusedaspredictors(proxies)oforganismalperformance.Overthelastthreedecades,developmentsincommunity(Grime1974,PetcheyandGaston2002,McGilletal.2006)andecosystem(Chapin1993,Grime1998,LavorelandGarnier2002,EvinerandChapin
5、2003)ecologyhaveforcedtheconceptoftraitbeyondtheseoriginalboundaries,andtrait-basedapproachesarenowusedinstudiesrangingfromtheleveloforganismstothatofecosystems.Withineachdiscipline,diversetypesoftraitsarethususedtoassessinherentcomponentsinvolvedintheexplanation
6、ofcomplexprocessesdefinedathigherorganizationallevels(Fig.1)Afurthercomplicationhasarisenwiththeintroductionof‘‘functionaltraits’’,anexpressioncoinedwiththeemergenceoffunctionalecologyasadiscipline(Calow1987,Keddy1992a).Currentattemptstodevisefunctionalclassifica
7、tionsoforganisms(NobleandGitay1996,WoodwardandCramer1996,Lavoreletal.1997),definethefunctionaldiversityofcommunities(Walkeretal.1999,PetcheyandGaston2002,Masonetal.2005)andassessspecieseffectsonecosystems(LavorelandGarnier2002,EvinerandChapin2003),alladvocatetheu
8、seof‘‘functionaltraits’’.Theaimsofthispaperaretoproposeunambiguousdefinitionsof‘‘traits’’and‘‘functionaltraits,’’andtosuggestaframeworkonhowtraitscouldbeusedto