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1、UNIT15Practice3ReadingPassage1GraffitiGraffiti-ArtorCrime?APeoplelovetomaketheirmark,andgraffitisuchasinitialsordrawingswrittenorspray-paintedontosubways,wallsorfootpathsisauniversalphenomenon.Ithasexistedsinceancienttimes,andoneoftheoldestpiecesofstill-existinggraffitiisanadvertisementfor
2、abrothelintheancienttownofEphesus,inGreece.Therearemanytypesofgraffiti,andalsoavarietyofviewsaboutit.Someseeitasanartform,someuseitasaformofprotestagainstauthority,othersregarditasneedlessanddestructivevandalism,anditisoftenseenastheprecursorofgang-relatedcrimeinaneighbourhood.BTheheydayof
3、graffitiwasinNewYorkCityinthe1970s.Atthattime,therewaslittlemoneyforthepolicingofgraffiti,andartiststargetedthesubwaysandsubwaycarsinparticular.Graffitibecamesopopularatthistimethatartistswantedtoidentifytheirownparticularwork.Theybegantocreatedistinctivestylisedsignaturesandthustheartofta
4、ggingwasborn.Salesofspraypaintincreasedsignificantlyatthistime,asmoreandmorestreetartistsbegantoexplorethisnewmediumofexpression,andgraffitibecamebiggerandmoreelaborate.ArtistswerecompetingtocoverthewholecityofNewYorkwiththeirwork,andfinallytheMetroTransitAuthoritybegantobattlewithgraffiti
5、artists,lockinggatesandremovingpicturesfromsubwaytrains.Atthesametime,graffitibeganmakingitswayintoartgalleries,astheestablishedartworldbegantorecogniseitasalegitimatemodernartform.CBythe80s,graffiticultureinNewYorkwasbeginningtodecline.Itwasbecomingassociatedwiththelocdrugscene,andlegalpe
6、naltiesforvandalismbecamemoresevereatthistime.Inparticular,theMTAhugelyincreaseditsanti-graffitibudget,anditbecamemuchharderforartiststocreateelaboratepiecesonsubwaycars,sograffitiwasrestrictedtothestreets,whereithasstayeduntiltoday.Bymid-1986,the'warongraffiti'wasbeingwon,andtherewerefewe
7、rgraffitiartistsinNewYork.Inthe90s,undermayorRudolphGuiliani,theanti-taggingtaskforcesetouttoeradicategraffitivandalsbybanningsalesofspraypainttounder18sand7byhugelyincreasingfinesfortheoffence.DOfcourse,graffitiisnotonlyaNorthAmericanphenomenon,andtherearethr
