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1、TheChinaBrainbyNedBlockFrom:TroublesWithFunctionalism(1978)Onecharacterizationoffunctionalismthatisprobablyvagueenoughtobeacceptabletomostfunctionalistsis:eachtypeofmentalstateisastateconsistingofadispositiontoactincertainwaysandtohavecertainmentalstates,givencertainsensoryinputsandcertainmentals
2、tates.…Functionalistswanttoindividuatementalstatescausally,andsincementalstateshavementalcausesandeffectsaswellassensorycausesandbehavioraleffects,functionalistsindividuatementalstatespartlyintermsofcausalrelationstoothermentalstates.…Shoemaker…says,"Ononeconstrualofit,functionalisminthephilosoph
3、yofmindisthedoctrinethatmental,orpsychological,termsare,inprinciple,eliminableinacertainway."…[Therefore,functionalismsharessomethingincommonwithphysicalism,since]by‘physicalism,’Imeanthedoctrinethatpain,forexample,isidenticaltoaphysical(orphysiological)state.[But],asmanyphilosophershaveargued,if
4、functionalismistrue,physicalismisprobablyfalse.ThepointisatitsclearestwithregardtoTuring-machineversionsoffunctionalism.AnygivenabstractTuringmachinecanberealizedbyawidevarietyofphysicaldevices.…Therefore,ifpainisafunctionalstate,itcannot,forexample,beabrainstate,becausecreatureswithoutbrainscanr
5、ealizethesameTuringmachineascreatureswithbrains.ImustemphasizethatthefunctionalistargumentagainstphysicalismdoesnotappealmerelytothefactthatoneabstractTuringmachinecanberealizedbysystemsofdifferentmaterialcomposition(wood,metal,glass,etc.).…Rather,thefunctionalistargumentagainstphysicalismisthati
6、tisdifficulttoseehowtherecouldbe[anysortof]physicalpropertyincommontoallandonlythepossiblephysicalrealizationsofagivenTuring-machinestate.Trytothinkofaremotelyplausiblecandidate!Attheveryleast,theonusisonthosewhothinksuchphysicalpropertiesareconceivabletoshowushowtoconceiveofone.Onewayofexpressin
7、gthispointisthat,accordingtofunctionalism,physicalismisachauvinisttheory:itwithholdsmentalpropertiesfromsystemsthatinfacthavethem.Insayingmentalstatesarebrainstates,forexample,physicalistsunfairlyexcludethosepoorbrainl
