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1、第四单元Tariffsmaybeusedsimplytoobtainrevenue.Insomedevelopingcountries,revenuetariffsprovideanimportantpartofthegovernment’sincome.Often,however,tariffsareprotective,andaredesignedtocarryoutaparticulareconomicpolicy.Theymayhelptoreduceabalanceofpaymentsdefici
2、tortoprotectaninfantindustryagainststronginternationalcompetitionfromoldercorporations.Arevenuetariffwillalwaysprovidesomeprotection,andaprotectivetariffwillproducesomerevenue.Therefore,itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenrevenueandprotectivetariffsformeconom
3、icevidencealone.Whenatariffisimposedonanimport,thedirectimpactonpriceistoraiseitbytheamountofthetariff.Marketfactors,however,canmodifythiseffect.Hence,thefinalpriceincreaseduetoatariffmaybelessthan,equalto,ormorethantheamountofthetariff.Incontract,theimpac
4、tofaquotaonpriceismuchhardertopredict.Theeffectsareparticularlyuncertainwithgoodswhicharenotproducedatalldomestically.Forinstance,manycountriesdonothavetheirowncarindustry,sothatanimportquotacancauseaconsiderableshiftinautomobileprices.征收关税可能只是为了获得收入。有些发展中
5、国家，财政关税在其政府收入中是很重要的一部分。然而，关税又经常具有保护性质，用来贯彻一项特定的经济政策。它有助于减少国际收支逆差，或保护新生工业在国际竞争中顶住来自老资格公司的强大挑战。财政关税总能提供某种保护，一项保护关税会产生一定的收入。因此，单就经济实效而言，很难区分财政关税和保护关税。对某一进口商品征收关税时，对价格的直接影响就是把它提高到加上税额的水平。然而，市场的因素可以缓和这种影响。所以，因关税而引起的最终商品提价可能低于税额，或与税额相等，或者高于税额。不过，在许多情况下，最终的提价合理地接
6、近税额。对比之下，配额对价格的影响更加难以预测。如果产品根本不是本国制造，其影响就特别地无法确定。例如，许多国家没有汽车工业，所以一项进口配额会使汽车价格出现相当大的波动。第五单元Onewayanorganizationcanfindstaffforjobvacanciesistorecruitoutsidethecompany.Itmayopttoputanadvertisementinanewspaperormagazinewhichgivesashortdescriptionofthejobandin
7、vitesintroductorylettersformapplicants.Sincethecompanywouldnotdesireapplicantswhodonothaveagoodprofile,itisimportantthatanapplicationformsenttoaprospectiveapplicantshouldrequestclearinformationaboutsuchthingsastheapplicant’sage,qualificationandworkexperien
8、ceaswellasreferencesfromotherindividualswhoknowtheapplicantwell.Thisinformationassiststhecompany’smanagementinmakingafinaldecisiononthoseapplicantstheycanshort-listforaninterview.Thestaffconductinganinterview
