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1、EconomicandPhilosophicalManuscriptsof1844.KarlMarxEstrangedLabour
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3、XXII
4、Wehaveproceededfromthepremisesofpoliticaleconomy.Wehaveaccepteditslanguageanditslaws.Wepresupposedprivateproperty,theseparationoflabor,capitalandland,andofwages,profitofcapitalandrentofland–likewisedivisionoflabor,c
5、ompetition,theconceptofexchangevalue,etc.Onthebasisofpoliticaleconomyitself,initsownwords,wehaveshownthattheworkersinkstothelevelofacommodityandbecomesindeedthemostwretchedofcommodities;thatthewretchednessoftheworkerisininverseproportiontothepowerandmagnitudeofhisproduction;thattheneces
6、saryresultofcompetitionistheaccumulationofcapitalinafewhands,andthustherestorationofmonopolyinamoreterribleform;andthatfinallythedistinctionbetweencapitalistandlandrentier,likethatbetweenthetillerofthesoilandthefactoryworker,disappearsandthatthewholeofsocietymustfallapartintothetwoclass
7、es–propertyownersandpropertylessworkers.Politicaleconomystartswiththefactofprivateproperty;itdoesnotexplainittous.Itexpressesingeneral,abstractformulasthematerialprocessthroughwhichprivatepropertyactuallypasses,andtheseformulasitthentakesforlaws.Itdoesnotcomprehendtheselaws–i.e.,itdoesn
8、otdemonstratehowtheyarisefromtheverynatureofprivateproperty.Politicaleconomythrowsnolightonthecauseofthedivisionbetweenlaborandcapital,andbetweencapitalandland.When,forexample,itdefinestherelationshipofwagestoprofit,ittakestheinterestofthecapitaliststobetheultimatecause,i.e.,ittakesforg
9、rantedwhatitissupposedtoexplain.Similarly,competitioncomesineverywhere.Itisexplainedfromexternalcircumstances.Astohowfartheseexternalandapparentlyaccidentalcircumstancesarebuttheexpressionofanecessarycourseofdevelopment,politicaleconomyteachesusnothing.Wehaveseenhowexchangeitselfappears
10、toitasanaccidentalfact.Theonlywheelswhichpoliticaleconomysetsinmotionaregreed,andthewaramongstthegreedy–competition.Preciselybecausepoliticaleconomydoesnotgraspthewaythemovementisconnected,itwaspossibletooppose,forinstance,thedoctrineofcompetitiontothedoctrineofmonopoly,thedoct
