霍金- The Theory of Everything

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1、STEPHENW.HAWKINGSPECIALANNIVERSARYEDITIONTHETHEORYOFEVERYTHINGTHEORIGINANDFATEOFTHEUNIVERSEPHOENIXBOOKS5F9A4512-DBD2-4640-B53D-F3CF22FFE0A2Copyright©2005PhoenixBooksFirstpublishedunderthetitleTheCambridgeLectures:LifeWorksCopyright©1996byDoveAudio,Inc.Allrightsres

2、erved.Writtenpermissionmustbesecuredfromthepublishertouseorreproduceanypartofthisbook,exceptbriefquotationsincriticalreviewsandarticles.ISBN:1-59777-508-8LibraryofCongressCataloging-In-PublicationDataAvailableBookDesignbySoniaFiorePrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica

3、PhoenixBooks9465WilshireBoulevard,Suite315BeverlyHills,CA90212109876545F9A4512-DBD2-4640-B53D-F3CF22FFE0A2CONTENTSIntroductionFIRSTLECTUREideasabouttheuniverse.......................1SECONDLECTUREtheexpandinguniverse........................13THIRDLECTUREblackholes

4、.................................35FOURTHLECTUREblackholesain’tsoblack.....................57FIFTHLECTUREtheoriginandfateoftheuniverse.............77SIXTHLECTUREthedirectionoftime.........................103SEVENTHLECTUREthetheoryofeverything.....................1

5、19INDEX..........................................1375F9A4512-DBD2-4640-B53D-F3CF22FFE0A2INTRODUCTION5F9A4512-DBD2-4640-B53D-F3CF22FFE0A2INTRODUCTIONInthisseriesoflecturesIshalltrytogiveanoutlineofwhatwethinkisthehistoryoftheuniversefromthebigbangtoblackholes.Inthe

6、firstlectureIshallbrieflyreviewpastideasabouttheuniverseandhowwegottoourpresentpicture.Onemightcallthisthehistoryofthehistoryoftheuniverse.InthesecondlectureIshalldescribehowbothNewton’sandEinstein’sthe-oriesofgravityledtotheconclusionthattheuniversecouldnotbestat

7、ic;ithadtobeeitherexpandingorcontracting.This,inturn,impliedthattheremusthavebeenatimebetweentenandtwentybillionyearsagowhenthedensityoftheuniversewasinfinite.Thisiscalledthebigbang.Itwouldhavebeenthebeginningoftheuniverse.InthethirdlectureIshalltalkaboutblackhole

8、s.Theseareformedwhenamassivestaroranevenlargerbodycollapsesinonitselfunderitsowngravitationalpull.AccordingtoEinstein’sgeneraltheoryofrelativity,anyonef