英美概况名词解释(美)

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1、名词解释1.MarshallPlan（马歇尔计划，又称欧洲复兴计划；Chapter9）：AnAmericanpolicypresentedbyGeorgeMarshallin1947,proposingmassiveandsystematicaidtoWesternEuropeinordertokeepCommunistsoutofpoliticalpowerinEuropeandestablishtheinternationaleconomicorder.2.MonroeDoctrine（门罗主义；Chapter6）：AforeignpolicyannouncedbyJamesM

2、onroein1823,opposingEuropeancolonialismintheAmericasandtakinganeutralattitudetowardsaffairsofcoloniesstillownedbyEuropeannationsintheNewWorld.3.ElectoralCollege（选举人团；Chapter12）：AmechanismintheUnitedStatesfortheindirectelectionofthePresidentandVicePresident.CitizensoftheUnitedStatesvoteineachst

3、ateandtheDistrictofColumbiaatageneralelectiontochooseaslateof"electors"pledgedtovoteforaparticularparty'scandidate.△各州选民先选出本州总统选举人，其数目与该州在国会中的议员数相等。全国50个州加哥伦比亚特区共选出538名总统选举人。各州选举人组成选举人团，分别在各州府选举正、副总统）4.MissouriCompromise(密苏里妥协案;Chapter6）：Asolutionpassedbythe16thUSCongressin1820，whichbalancedth

4、enumberof"slavestates"and"freestates”andalsomadetheruleofhowtodefineastateasaslavestateorafreeone.5.Winner–take–allprinciple（胜者全得原则；Chapter12）：AprincipleappliedinAmericanpresidentialelection,whichmeansthatthecandidatewithmostvotesinastatewinsallofthatstate’selectoralvotes.6.Meltingpot（大熔炉，相对于S

5、aladbowl；Chapter2）Ametaphorforaheterogeneoussociety,whichiscommonlyusedtosignifythemixtureandassimilation融合ofdifferentracesthathaveimmigratedintotheUS.7.DeclarationofIndependence（独立宣言；Chapter4）AstatementadoptedbytheSecondContinentalCongressin1776,whichannouncedthatthethirteenAmericancoloniesre

6、gardedthemselvesasthirteennewlyindependentsovereignstates,andnolongerunderBritishrule.Insteadtheyformedanewnation—theUnitedStatesofAmerica.Itwasaneloquentdefenceofhumanfreedom.8.RoaringTwenties（咆哮的20年代；Chapter7）:TheRoaringTwentiesaistermforWesternsocietyandWesterncultureduringthe1920s.Itwasape

7、riodofsustainedeconomicprosperitywithadistinctiveculturaledgeintheUnitedStates,particularlyinmajorcitiessuchasChicagoLosAngeles,andNewYork.9.Judicialreview（司法审查权；Chapter11）ApowerofinterpretationoftheConstitution,whichgiveTheSupremeCourt