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1、THOMASNAGELWhatDoesItAllMean?AVeryShortIntroductiontoPhilosophyOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSNewYorkOxfordOxfordUniversityPressOxfordNewYorkTorontoDelhiBombayCalcuttaMadrasKarachiPetalingJayaSingaporeHongKongTokyoNairobiDaresSalaamCapeTownMelbourneAucklandandassoc
2、iatedcompaniesinBeirutBerlinIbadanNicosiaCopyright©1987byThomasNagelPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016-4314OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced
3、,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataNagel,Thomas.Whatdoesitallmean?1.Philosop
4、hy--Introductions.I.Title.BD21.N24198710087-14316ISBN0-19-505292-7ISBN0-19-505216-1(pbk.)cloth109876paper252423222120PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaContents1.Introduction32.HowDoWeKnowAnything?83.OtherMinds194.TheMind-BodyProblem275.TheMeaningofWords386
5、.FreeWill477.RightandWrong598.Justice769.Death8710.TheMeaningofLife95WhatDoesItAllMean?-1-1IntroductionThisbookisabriefintroductiontophilosophyforpeoplewhodon'tknowthefirstthingaboutthesubject.Peopleordinarilystudyphilosophyonlywhentheygotocollege,andIsup
6、posethatmostreaderswillbeofcollegeageorolder.Butthathasnothingtodowiththenatureofthesubject,andIwouldbeverygladifthebookwerealsoofinteresttointelligenthighschoolstudentswithatasteforabstractideasandtheoreticalarguments--shouldanyofthemreadit.Ouranalytical
7、capacitiesareoftenhighlydevelopedbeforewehavelearnedagreatdealabouttheworld,andaroundtheageoffourteenmanypeoplestarttothinkaboutphilosophicalproblemsontheirown--aboutwhatreallyexists,whetherwecanknowanything,whether-3-anthingisreallyrightorwrong,whetherli
8、fehasanymeaning,whetherdeathistheend.Theseproblemshavebeenwrittenaboutforthousandsofyears,butthephilosophicalrawmaterialcomesdirectlyfromtheworldandourrelationtoit,notfromwritingsofthepast.Thatiswhytheycomeupagainan
