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1、ThePhilosophyofMathematicalPracticeThispageintentionallyleftblankThePhilosophyofMathematicalPracticePaoloMancosu11GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenc
2、einresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreece
3、GuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©thesev
4、eralcontributors2008ThemoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2008Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthep
5、riorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityP
6、ress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyLaserwordsP
7、rivateLimited,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyCPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,WiltshireISBN978–0–19–929645–310987654321PrefaceWheninthespringof2005Istartedplanningthepresentbook,Ihadtwoaimsinmind.First,Iwantedtounifytheeffortsofmanyphilo
8、sopherswhoweremakingcontributionstoaphilosophyofmathematicsinformedbyadesiretoaccountformanycentralaspectsofmathematicalpracticethat,byandlarge,hadbeenignoredbypreviousphilosophersandlogicians.Second,Iwishedtoproduceabookthatwouldbeusefultoalargesegm