Structure of Matter 2009

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1、DieWahrheitistdasKindderZeit,nichtderAutoritaet.UnsereUnwissenheitistunendlich,tragenwireinenKubikmillimeterab!(fromB.Brecht,in“LebendesGalilei”)Thereisnoendtothiswonderfulworldofexperimentaldiscoveryandmentalconstructionsofrealityasnewfactsbecomeknown.Th

2、atiswhyphysicistshavemorefunthanmostpeople.(MiklosGyulassy)ToLucaLorenzoStrozziRigamonti,withhope(A.R.)ToGegia,Enri,CateandDario(P.C.)AttilioRigamontiPietroCarrettaStructureofMatterAnIntroductoryCoursewithProblemsandSolutions2ndedition฀ATTILIORIGAMONTIP

3、IETROCARRETTADipartimentodiFisica“A.Volta”,UniversitàdegliStudidiPaviaSeriesUnitext-CollanadiFisicaeAstronomiaEditorialboard:M.Cini,S.Forte,M.Inguscio,G.Montagna,O.Nicrosini,F.Pacini,L.Peliti,A.RotondiISBN978-88-470-1128-1e-ISBN978-88-470-1129-8LibraryofC

4、ongressControlNumber:2008942834©Springer-VerlagItalia2009Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeofpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproducti

5、ononmicrofilmsorinotherways,andstorageindata-banks.Duplicationofthispubblicationorpartsthereofisonlypermittedundertheprovi-sionsoftheItalianCopyrightLawinitscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.Violationsareliableforpr

6、osecutionundertheItalianCopyrightLaw.Coverconcept:SimonaColombo,MilanoTypesetbytheauthorsusingaSpringerMacropackagePrintingandbinding:GrafichePorpora,Segrate,MilanoPrintedonacid-freepaperSpringer-VerlagItalia-ViaDecembrio28-20137Milanospringer.comPrefaceI

7、ntendedAudience,ApproachandPresentationThistextisintendedforacourseofaboutfourmonthsforundergraduatestudents.Itarisesfromtheadaptationandtheamendmentstoatextforafull-yearcourseinStructureofMatter,writtenbyoneoftheauthors(A.R.)aboutthirtyyearsago.Atthattim

8、eonlyafew(ifany)textbookshavingthesuitedformforintroductiontothebasicquantumpropertiesofatoms,moleculesandcrystalsinacomprehensiveandinterrelatedway,wereavailable.Alongthelasttwentyyearsmanyexcellentbookspursuingthe