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1、PERSONALKNOWLEDGEPERSONALKNOWLEDGETowardsaPost-CriticalPhilosophybyMICHAELPOLANYILondonFirstpublished1958correctededition1962byRoutledge&KeganPaulLtd©1958,1962MichaelPolanyiRoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroupThiseditionpublishedintheTaylor&Francise-Library,2005.“T
2、opurchaseyourowncopyofthisoranyofTaylor&FrancisorRoutledge'scollectionofthousandsofeBookspleasegotowww.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvent
3、ed,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.ISBN0-203-44215-6Mastere-bookISBNISBN0-203-7503
4、9-X(Adobee-ReaderFormat)ISBN0-415-15149-X(PrintEdition)ToSIRTHOMASANDLADYTAYLORPREFACETHISisprimarilyanenquiryintothenatureandjustificationofscientificknowledge.Butmyreconsiderationofscientificknowledgeleadsontoawiderangeofquestionsoutsidescience.Istartbyrejectingtheidealo
5、fscientificdetachment.Intheexactsciences,thisfalseidealisperhapsharmless,foritisinfactdisregardedtherebyscientists.Butweshallseethatitexercisesadestructiveinfluenceinbiology,psychologyandsociology,andfalsifiesourwholeoutlookfarbeyondthedomainofscience.Iwanttoestablishanalt
6、ernativeidealofknowledge,quitegenerally.HencethewidescopeofthisbookandhencealsothecoiningofthenewtermIhaveusedformytitle:PersonalKnowledge.Thetwowordsmayseemtocontradicteachother:fortrueknowledgeisdeemedimpersonal,universallyestablished,objective.Buttheseemingcontradiction
7、isresolvedbymodifyingtheconceptionofknowing.IhaveusedthefindingsofGestaltpsychologyasmyfirstcluestothisconceptualreform.Scientistshaverunawayfromthephilosophicimplicationsofgestalt;Iwanttocountenancethemuncompromisingly.Iregardknowingasanactivecomprehensionofthethingsknown
8、,anactionthatrequiresskill.Skilfulknowinganddoingisperformedbysubordinatingasetofparticul
