Ideas-A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud

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1、IDEASAHistoryofThoughtandInvention,fromFiretoFreudPETERWATSONForBe´be´Therearenowholetruths;Alltruthsarehalf-truths.ItistryingtotreatthemasWholetruthsthatplaysthedevil.—ALFREDNORTHWHITEHEAD,DIALOGUES(1953)Whileitmaybehardtolivewithgeneralizations,itisinconceivabletolivewith

2、outthem.—PETERGAY,SCHNITZLER’SCENTURY(2002)ContentsAuthor’sNotexiiIntroduction:TheMostImportantIdeasinHistory–SomeCandidates1Prologue:TheDiscoveryofTime12PARTONE:LUCYTOGILGAMESHTheEvolutionofImagination1.IdeasBeforeLanguage21Scavenging–bipedalismandmeat-eating–uprightpostur

3、e–theoldestartefacts–changesinbrainsizeandhand-axes–fire–ochre–burial–Neanderthals–thefirst‘abstract’idea–BerekhetRam–‘theculturalexplosion’–caveart–Venusfigurines–‘splithouses’–sexualimagery–textiles–beadsandritual2.TheEmergenceofLanguageandtheConquestofCold39Thesizeofearlygr

4、oups–huntingtools–‘tailored’clothing–proto-languages–SiberiatoAlaska:Mal’ta,AfontovaGora,Dyukhtai,Berelekh,Denali–sinodonty–theNeanderthals’hyoidbone–thelanguagegene–Nostraticandothermothertongues–thefirstsounds–thefirstwords–thefirstwriting?3.TheBirthoftheGods,theEvolutionofH

5、ouseandHome53Domesticationofplantsandanimals–‘hotspots’–‘foundercrops’–increasingcontroloffire–cultivationofcereals–fertilecrescent–drawbacksofagriculture–amorearidworld–populationcrisesinpre-history–sedentism–healthcrisisinpre-history–sedentaryforaging–thefirsthouses–Natufian

6、/Khiamiancultures–theWomanandtheBull,theoriginofreligion–‘fire-pits’–firstuseofclay–femalefigurines–transitionfromstonetopottery–megaliths–stonetemplesofMalta–theGreatGoddess–‘OldEurope’–coppersmelting–bronze–iron–daggers,mirrorsandcoins–theintellectualimpactofmoney4.CitiesofW

7、isdom73Thefirstcities–‘templecities’–templecult–originofwriting–tokens–Vincamarks(OldEuropeanscripts)–Indianscript–firstpictographs–cuneiformatShuruppak–earlynamesandlists–syllabaryandthenalphabet–RasShamra(Ugarit)–thefirstschools–thefirstarchives/libraries–thefirstliterarytexts

8、–Gilgamesh–the‘en’andthe‘lugal’:rivalleaders–thewheel–domesticationofthehorse–hors