Grandy & Osherson - 2004 - Sentential Logic Primer

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1、SententialLogicPrimerRichardGrandyDanielOshersonRiceUniversity1PrincetonUniversity2July23,20041rgrandy@rice.edu2osherson@princeton.eduiiCopyrightThisworkiscopyrightedbyRichardGrandyandDanielOsherson.Useofthetextisauthorized,inpartoritsentirety,fornon-commercialnon-profitpurposes.Electronicorpap

2、ercopiesmaynotbesoldexceptatthecostofcopy-ing.Appropriatecitationtotheoriginalshouldbeincludedinallcopiesofanyportion.iiiPrefaceStudentsoftenstudylogicontheassumptionthatitprovidesanormativeguidetoreasoninginEnglish.Inparticular,theyaretaughttoassociatecon-nectiveslike“and”withcounterpartsinSe

3、ntentialLogic.Englishconditionalsgoovertoformulaswith→asprincipalconnective.Thewell-knowndifficul-tiesthatarisefromsuchtranslationarenotemphasized.Theresultistheconvictionthatordinaryreasoningisfaultywhendiscordantwiththeusualrepresentationinstandardlogic.Psychologistsareparticularlysusceptible

4、tothisattitude.ThepresentbookisanintroductiontoSententialLogicthatattemptstosituatetheformalismwithinthelargertheoryofrationalinferencecarriedoutinnaturallanguage.AfterpresentationofSententialLogic,weconsideritsmappingontoEnglish,notably,constructionsinvolving“if...then....”Ourgoalistodeepenap

5、preciationoftheissuessurroundingsuchconstructions.Wemakethebookavailable,forfree,online(atleastfornow).Pleaseberespectfuloftheintegrityofthetext.Largeportionsshouldnotbeincorporatedintootherworkswithoutpermission.Feedbackwillbegreatlyappreciated.Errors,obscurity,orotherdefectscanbebroughttoour

6、attentionviargrandy@rice.eduorosherson@princeton.edu.Theprovenanceofrevisionswillbeacknowledgedasnewversionsarepro-duced.RichardGrandyDanielOshersonivNotetostudentsSo...We’regoingtodosomelogictogether,isthatit?OK.We’reonboard.We’lldoourbesttobeclear.Pleaseforgiveusifweoccasionallyletyoudown(wa

7、nderingintoimpenetrableprose).Inthatcase,don’thesitatetosendus(polite)email.We’lltrytofixtheoffendingpassage,andsendyoubackafresh(electronic)copyofthebook.Nowwhataboutyou?Whatcanweexpectinreturn?Allweask(butit’salot)isthatyoubeanactivele