Grandy & Osherson - 2010 - Sentential Logic for Psychologists

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1、SententialLogicforPsychologistsRichardGrandyDanielOshersonRiceUniversity1PrincetonUniversity2September28,20101rgrandy@rice.edu2osherson@princeton.eduiiCopyrightThisworkiscopyrightedbyRichardGrandyandDanielOsherson.Useofthetextisauthorized,inpartoritsentirety,

2、fornon-commercialnon-profitpurposes.Electronicorpapercopiesmaynotbesoldexceptatthecostofcopy-ing.Appropriatecitationtotheoriginalshouldbeincludedinallcopiesofanyportion.iiiPrefaceStudentsoftenstudylogicontheassumptionthatitprovidesanormativeguidetoreasoninginE

3、nglish.Inparticular,theyaretaughttoassociatecon-nectiveslike“and”withcounterpartsinSententialLogic.Englishconditionalsgoovertoformulaswith!asprincipalconnective.Thewell-knowndifficul-tiesthatarisefromsuchtranslationarenotemphasized.Theresultistheconvictionthat

4、ordinaryreasoningisfaultywhendiscordantwiththeusualrepresentationinstandardlogic.Psychologistsareparticularlysusceptibletothisattitude.ThepresentbookisanintroductiontoSententialLogicthatattemptstosituatetheformalismwithinthelargertheoryofrationalinferencecarr

5、iedoutinnaturallanguage.AfterpresentationofSententialLogic,weconsideritsmappingontoEnglish,notably,constructionsinvolving“if...then....”Ourgoalistodeepenappreciationoftheissuessurroundingsuchconstructions.Errors,obscurity,orotherdefectscanbebroughttoourattent

6、ionviaelec-tronicmail(rgrandy@rice.edu,osherson@princeton.edu).Theprovenanceofrevisionswillbegratefullyacknowledgedasnewversionsareproduced.RichardGrandyDanielOshersonivNotetostudentsSo...We’regoingtodosomelogictogether,isthatit?OK.We’reonboard.We’lldoourbest

7、tobeclear.Pleaseforgiveusifweoccasionallyletyoudown(wanderingintoimpenetrableprose).Inthatcase,don’thesitatetosendus(polite)email.We’lltrytofixtheoffendingpassage,andsendyoubackafresh(electronic)copyofthebook.Nowwhataboutyou?Whatcanweexpectinreturn?Allweask(bu

8、tit’salot)isthatyoubeanactivelearner.Yes,weknow.Yearsofenforcedpassivityinschoolhasmadeeducationseemlikethemovies(orworse,television).Yousettlebackinyourchairandlettheshowwashoveryou.Butt