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1、TheServiceIndustriesJournalVol.28,No.3,April2008,375–391CulturalandrecreationalindustriesintheUnitedStatesWilliamB.BeyersDepartmentofGeography,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USAThisarticlefocusesonculturalandrecreationalindustriesintheUnitedStates.Culturalindustriesaredefineda
2、sarts,entertainment,andrecreation,aswellascomponentsofeducation,theinformationsector,wholesalingandretailing,manufacturing(forexample,musicalinstruments),andaccommodationandfoodservices.Consumptionpatternsofculturalindustriesareshowntohavechangedsignificantlyoverthepast40yearsinth
3、eUnitedStates.Thischangehasbeenassociatedinpartwithchanginginfor-mationtechnologies,andinpartbychangesinpoliciespermittingnewtypesofrecreation,especiallygambling.Thestudydocumentsthechanginglevelofemploymentintheseindustriesbystate,usingdataforbothemployersandproprietors.Somesect
4、orsarehighlyconcentratedspatially,whileothersaredistributedwidely.Keywords:consumption;culturalemployment;culturalindustries;recreationalexpendituresIntroductionCulturalindustriesaredefinedforthepurposesofthisarticleasabroadcollectionofeconomicactivitiesassociatedwiththeconsumptio
5、nofculture.Inthisstudyculturalindustriesarenotequatedwitharts,sports,orrecreation,butratherareconsideredtobetheme´langeofactivityassociatedwiththesethreecategoriesofconsumptionandrelatedactivities.Itisclearthatactivityinthesecategoriesblendsintooneanother;theyarenotmutuallyexclus
6、ive.Thisdefi-nitionofculturalindustriesispurposefullybroad,broaderthanthatusedbyScott(1997)andPratt(1997).MymotivationforthisbroaderdefinitionisdrivenbytheUSBureauofEconomicAnalysis(BEA)grossdomesticproduct(GDP)accountstreatmentofhouseholdconsumptionexpenditures(PCE).Theseaccountsa
7、llocateallexpendituresbyhouseholdsintobroadexpen-diturecategories.ThesecategoriesarenotdirectlytranslatableintoemploymentcategoriesreportedbytheCensusBureauinseriessuchascountybusinesspatterns(CBP).However,roughcross-overbetweendemand-basedPCEmeasuresandemploymentbasedCBPcategori
8、esarepossible.Thisarticleexplorestheseco
