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1、paulvincentspadeIntroductionStandardhistorieshavelongrecognizedthatthethreemostimpor-tantfiguresinthephilosophyoftheHighMiddleAgeswereThomasAquinas(1224/5–74),JohnDunsScotus(c.1266–1308),andWilliamofOckham(c.1288–1347).1Ofthethree,Aquinasiscomparativelywell
2、knowntomodernreaders,whereasScotusandOckhamlargelyremainmerenames.EvenAquinas,however,ismoreforeigntostudentsthanPlatoandAristotleare,muchlessDescartesorHume.Indeed,asKretzmannandStumphaveobservedinTheCambridgeCompaniontoAquinas,2suchunfamiliarityischaract
3、eristicofallmedievalphilosophy.3Thissadfactispartlyduetothescarcityoftranslationsbutmorefunda-mentallytothelackofreliablemoderneditionsofprimarytextsandthusofgoodcriticalanalysesandstudiesoftheminthesecondaryliterature.Thesituationdoesnotarisefromanylackof
4、rawmaterialsbutin-stead,itmightbeargued,fromjusttheopposite.Therearemanyearlyprintededitionsfromthelatefifteenthandearlysixteenthcenturiesandanenormousnumberofsurvivingmanuscriptsofmedievalphi-losophyandtheology.Buttheearlyeditionsareoftenunreliable,whereas
5、themanuscriptsfrequentlypresentwildlydifferentversionsofthesamework.Theyarewritteninahighlycompressedandar-canesystemofabbreviation,akindofshorthandthatrequiresspecialtrainingtoread;earlyprintededitionsoftenretainthesamesystem.Frequentlythemanuscriptsarein
6、completelycatalogedornotcata-logedatall,andthustheircontentsarediscoveredonlybychance.Insuchcircumstances,itisacomplicatedandpainstakingbusi-nesstoproduceareliable,moderneditionofaphilosophicaltext,andwithoutsucheditionstherecanofcoursebenousefultranslatio
7、nsor1CambridgeCompanionsOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,20062thecambridgecompaniontoockhamcriticalstudies.Itisnowonder,therefore,thatevenamajorphiloso-pherlikeOckhamremainslargelyunknowntomodernreaders.Nevertheless,thesituationhasimproveddramaticallyinrece
8、ntdecades.Newandexcellenteditionsofmanyworksandauthorshaveappeared.Ockhaminparticularhasbenefited,andwearenowinapositiontobegintoappreciateandassessmoreconfidentlyhistrueplaceinthehistoryofphilosophy.Thisdevelo
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