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1、Unit9WhatIsIntelligence,Anyway?IsaacAsimorAsimovexplainswhythereismuchmoreinintelligencethanjustbeingabletoscorehighonintelligencetests.Whatisintelligence,anyway?WhenIwasinthearmyIreceivedakindofaptitudetestthatallsoldierstookand,againstanormalof100,scored160.Nooneatthebaseha
2、deverseenafigurelikethatandfortwohourstheymadeanigfussoverme.(Itdidn'tmeananything.ThenextdayIwasstillabuckprivatewithKPasmyhighestduty.)AllmylifeI'vebeenregisteringscoreslikethat,sothatIhavethecomplacentfeelingthatI'mhighlyintelligent,andIexpectotherpeopletothinkso,too.Actua
3、lly,though,don'tsuchscoressimplymeanthatIamverygoodatansweringthetypeofacademicquestionsthatareconsideredworthyofanswersbythepeoplewhomakeuptheintelligencetests-peoplewithintellectualbentssimilartomine?Forinstance,Ihadanauto-repairmanonce,who,ontheseintelligencetests,couldnot
4、possiblyhavescoredmorethan80,bymyestimate.IalwaystookitforgrantedthatIwasfarmoreintelligentthanhewas.Yet,whenanythingwentwrongwithmycarIhastenedtohimwithit,watchedhimanxiouslyasheexploreditsvitals,andlistenedtohispronouncementsasthoughtheyweredivineoracles-andhealwaysfixedmyc
5、ar.Well,then,supposemyauto-repairmandevisedquestionsforanintelligencetest.Orsupposeacarpenterdid,orafarmer,or,indeed,almostanyonebutanacademician.Byeveryoneofthosetests,I'dprovemyselfamoron.AndI'dbeamoron,too.InaworldwhereIcouldnotusemyacademictrainingandmyverbaltalentsbuthad
6、todosomethingintricateorhard,workingwithmyhands,Iwoulddopoorly.Myintelligence,then,isnotabsolute.ItsworthisdeterminedbythesocietyIlivein.Itsnumericalevaluationisdeterminedbyasmallsubsectionofthatsocietywhichhasmanagedtofoistitselfontherestofusasanarbiterofsuchmatters.Consider
7、myauto-repairman,again.Hehadahabitoftellingmejokeswheneverhesawme.Onetimeheraisedhisheadfromundertheautomobilehoodtosay:"Doc,adeaf-and-dumbguywentintoahardwarestoretoaskforsomenails.Heputtwofingerstogetheronthecounterandmadehammeringmotionswiththeotherhand.Theclerkbroughthima
8、hammer.Heshookhisheadandpointedtothetwofingershewashammering.Thecler
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