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1、DISTINGUISHEDAUTHORSERIESMicroseismicMonitoring:InsideandOutNormWarpinskiAbstractthoughtherehaveprobablybeenmorethan6,000fractureSinceitsinceptioninthe1970sanditscommercializationtreatmentsmonitoredsince2000,inrocksrangingfromcirca2000,microseismicmonitorin
2、ghasprovedtobeantightsandstonesandgasshalestocarbonatesandevenvol-invaluabletoolforunderstandingundergroundprocesses.canic,andatdepthsrangingfromseveralhundredfeettoWhileitsmostcommonandnotableusehasbeenhydraulic-morethan13,000ft.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto
3、layoutfracturemapping,italsoisusedforreservoirmonitoringofabasicframeworkforplanning,executing,analyzing,andthermalprocesses,drill-cuttingsinjection,geothermalhot-interpretingamicroseismicmappingprojectand,hopefully,dry-rockstimulations,reservoirsurveillanc
4、e,andmanyotheraddsomerigortotheprocessthatcanbeusedforguidelinesprocessesinoilandgasandmining.orstandards.Fig.1showsatypicallayoutforamonitoringtest,withtheoffsetmonitoringwellatsomereasonabledistancefromOverviewthefracture(inset)andareceiverarraysomewheren
5、eartheBasically,microseismicmonitoringistheplacementofreceiv-depthofthefracturetreatment.Becausetheamplitudeofersystemsinadvantageouspositionsfromwhichsmallthemicroseismdecayswithdistance,thereisamaximumearthquakes(microseisms)inducedbysomedownholemonitorin
6、gdistancethatcanbeusedinanytestwithrespectprocesscanbedetectedandlocatedtoprovidegeometrictobothhorizontalandverticalpositioning.Designedcor-andbehavioralinformationabouttheprocess.Inthecaseofrectly,thistypeofmonitoringcanprovideinformationonhydraulicfractu
7、ring—theprocessofprimaryconcernhere—fractureheight,length,azimuth,asymmetry,dip,andcom-asensitive-receiverarrayhavingnumerouslevelstypicallyplexity,whichcanbeusedtooptimizethefracturedesignisplacedinanoffsetwellatadepthrelativelyclosetotheandfielddevelopmen
8、t.process.ThisarraydetectstheseismicenergygeneratedbyTomostoutsiders,theentireprocessofmicroseismicthemicroseismbyuseofthree-componentgeophonesormonitoringappearstobesomethingofanart,andtheacceleromete
