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时间:2019-06-25
《民主主义与教育英文版Chapter21》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、ChapterTwenty-onePhysicalandSocialStudies:NaturalismandHumanismALLUSIONhasalreadybeenmadetotheconflictofnaturalsciencewithliterarystudiesforaplaceinthecurriculum.Thesolutionthusfarreachedconsistsessentiallyinasomewhatmechanicalcompromisewherebythefieldisd
2、ividedbetweenstudieshavingnatureandstudieshavingmanastheirtheme.Thesituationthuspresentsuswithanotherinstanceoftheexternaladjustmentofeducationalvalues,andfocusesattentionuponthephilosophyoftheconnectionofnaturewithhumanaffairs.Ingeneral,itmaybesaidthatth
3、eeducationaldivisionfindsareflectioninthedualisticphilosophies.Mindandtheworldareregardedastwoindependentrealmsofexistencehavingcertainpointsofcontactwitheachother.Fromthispointofviewitisnaturalthateachsphereofexistenceshouldhaveitsownseparategroupofstudi
4、esconnectedwithit;itisevennaturalthatthegrowthofscientificstudiesshouldbeviewedwithsuspicionasmarkingatendencyofmaterialisticphilosophytoencroachuponthedomainofspirit.Anytheoryofeducationwhichcontemplatesamoreunifiedschemeofeducationthannowexistsisunderth
5、enecessityoffacingthequestionoftherelationofmantonature.1.TheHistoricBackgroundofHumanisticStudy.ItisnoteworthythatclassicGreekphilosophydoesnotpresenttheprobleminitsmodernform.Socratesindeedappearstohavethoughtthatscienceofnaturewasnotattainableandnotver
6、yimportant.Thechiefthingtoknowisthenatureandendofman.Uponthatknowledgehangsallthatisofdeepsignificance--allmoralandsocialachievement.Plato,however,makesrightknowledgeofmanandsocietydependuponknowledgeoftheessentialfeaturesofnature.Hischieftreatise,entitle
7、dtheRepublic,isatonceatreatiseonmorals,onsocialorganization,andonthemetaphysicsandscienceofnature.SinceheacceptstheSocraticdoctrinethatrightachievementintheformerdependsuponrationalknowledge,heiscompelledtodiscussthenatureofknowledge.Sinceheacceptstheidea
8、thattheultimateobjectofknowledgeisthediscoveryofthegoodorendofman,andisdiscontentedwiththeSocraticconvictionthatallweknowisourownignorance,heconnectsthediscussionofthegoodofmanwithconsiderationoftheessentialgoodoren
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