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1、ChapterTwenty-sixTheoriesofMorals1.TheInnerandtheOuter.Sincemoralityisconcernedwithconduct,anydualismswhicharesetupbetweenmindandactivitymustreflectthemselvesinthetheoryofmorals.Sincetheformulationsoftheseparationinthephilosophictheoryofmoralsareusedt
2、ojustifyandidealizethepracticesemployedinmoraltraining,abriefcriticaldiscussionisinplace.Itisacommonplaceofeducationaltheorythattheestablishingofcharacterisacomprehensiveaimofschoolinstructionanddiscipline.Henceitisimportantthatweshouldbeonourguardaga
3、instaconceptionoftherelationsofintelligencetocharacterwhichhamperstherealizationoftheaim,andonthelook-outfortheconditionswhichhavetobeprovidedinorderthattheaimmaybesuccessfullyactedupon.Thefirstobstructionwhichmeetsusisthecurrencyofmoralideaswhichspli
4、tthecourseofactivityintotwoopposedfactors,oftennamedrespectivelytheinnerandouter,orthespiritualandthephysical.Thisdivisionisaculminationofthedualismofmindandtheworld,soulandbody,endandmeans,whichwehavesofrequentlynoted.Inmoralsittakestheformofasharpde
5、marcationofthemotiveofactionfromitsconsequences,andofcharacterfromconduct.Motiveandcharacterareregardedassomethingpurely"inner,"existingexclusivelyinconsciousness,whileconsequencesandconductareregardedasoutsideofmind,conducthavingtodosimplywiththemove
6、mentswhichcarryoutmotives;consequenceswithwhathappensasaresult.Differentschoolsidentifymoralitywitheithertheinnerstateofmindortheouteractandresults,eachinseparationfromtheother.Actionwithapurposeisdeliberate;itinvolvesaconsciouslyforeseenendandamental
7、weighingofconsiderationsproandeon.Italsoinvolvesaconsciousstateoflongingordesirefortheend.Thedeliberatechoiceofanaimandofasettleddispositionofdesiretakestime.Duringthistimecompleteovertactionissuspended.Apersonwhodoesnothavehismindmadeup,doesnotknowwh
8、attodo.Consequentlyhepostponesdefiniteactionsofaraspossible.Hispositionmaybecomparedtothatofamanconsideringjumpingacrossaditch.Ifheweresurehecouldorcouldnotmakeit,definiteactivityinsomedirectionwouldoccur.Butifheconsiders,heisindoubt;hehesitat
